Article

Name: Syntagmatic approach to differential object marking in Tuvan and Khakas

Authors: Ch. G. Ondar

Tuvan Institute for Humanities and Applied Social and Economic Research under the Government of the Republic of Tuva, Kyzyl, Russia

In the section Синтаксис

Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of differential object marking in the Tuvan and Khakass languages in terms of the syntagmatic approach for determining syntagmatic factors suitable for highlighting morpho-syntactic direct object marking. With the standard arrangement of the components of the sentence structure in the Tuvan and Khakass languages, there is no need for explicit marking of the syntagmatic relations between the direct object and the predicate due to their syntactic, semantic, and communicative unity resulting from the evident syntactic relations between the components of the verbal syntagma. The direct object, located immediately before the predicate, can be part of the topic, thus receiving accusative marking. The thematization of the direct complement “distances” it from the group of the predicate that is usually rhematized. Therefore, the loss of communicative unity causes the need to mark the syntagmatic relations of the object and predicate. With the predicate preceded by the rhematized member of the sentence, the direct object receives accusative marking. Given a high degree of similarity of the word order in the Tuvan and Khakass languages, there are differences in the number of possible arrangements of the linear structure components: in the Khakass language, the word order is more free, with the general Turkic principle of placing only topicalized components of a sentence in the postproposal position being observed. However, there are cases falling outside of this theory, involving the paradigmatic relationship of the direct object with other members of the sentence, suggesting the need for a paradigmatic-syntagmatic approach to considering the differentiated marking of the direct object.

Keywords: Tuvan, Khakas, direct object, differential object marking, syntagmatics, paradigmatics, word order, communicative status, actual sentence division

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