Article

Name: Umberto Eco: the Poetics of Joyce and the Transformation of the Type of Culture

Authors: V. A. Konev

Samara State University

Abstract: The sixties of the last century, when "The Poets of Joyce" by U. Eco was published, are the time of the appearance of the European sixties (M. Foucault, J. Baudrillard, J. Derrida, G. Deleuze, etc.) in whose work the problem of the qualitative turn of European culture begins to be actively discussed. Classical European culture based on a hierarchically arranged order and uniquely defined rules of human action is replaced in the twentieth century by the culture of the event and the culture of the disintegrated consciousness facing unexpected situations. Analysis of the poetics of Joyce, creating a new language and a new way of organizing the artistic world, opens, according to Eco, the opportunity to understand the processes of modern culture, which requires a person to act in unforeseen circumstances. The new culture for Joyce is not in the actions of people, not in new experiences, but in a new language, in style, in poetics. Joyce creates the language of the new culture. It is the language of the accomplished (perfective) experience, not the experience of the possible, which is based on stable values and can be expressed in words that have a stable conceptual meaning. But when the experience is new, then it must show himself in the word. Here the word, the expression does not resort to essences (does not refer to them), but retains for the material of its representation "its immediate and gross individuality" (Eco). U. Eco introduces the notion of an "expressive structure" through which the epiphany of the meaning of the accomplished (new) experience is realized. Thus Joyce, creating a new poetics, demonstrates the principle of a new order which is not based on any reason outside this action (God, master), but on the fact that the order itself legitimizes. The sign means inside the work, "the sign and the signified are engaged through a short circuit, poetically necessary, but ontologically unjustified" (Eco). The article contends that the modern state of culture is the time for the approval of a new project of modernity, the basis of which is not freedom as a perceived necessity and enlightenment of the mind (the culture of the Enlightenment as the realization of the "first" modernity), but freedom as a transgression, as the achievement of the limit and experience of the limit (Culture of the "second" modernity). It is this experience of the limit, not as an experience of an action, but as an experience of utterance, the experience of the language ("Wake of Finnegan"), which demonstrates the poetics of Joyce.

Keywords: J. Joyce, Umberto Eco, culture of the Enlightenment, poetics, state of consciousness, type of culture, freedom, transgression

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