Article

Name: The concept of punishment (penalty) in the folklore of the Oroks (Uilta)

Authors: L. V. Ozolinya

In the section Повествовательный фольклор

Abstract: The article attempts to consider one of the functional and content aspects of the concept of punishment (penalty) on the material of works of unsavory prose in folklore of a few Tungus-Manchu-speaking people - Oroks (Uilta). The material for the analysis of the concept of punishment (penalty) was the tradition of telungu. Telungu as a genre of unsubstantial prose is represented in the Orok folklore by mythological stories (archaic stories), historical legends (real people act in unreal circumstances) and shamanic stories. Analyzing telungu, we are more focused on one aspect of the concept of penalty only as a punishment, without touching the questions of revenge, which, of course, is also a kind of more severe penalties. For the analysis of interest was the relationship between man and the intangible world, regulated by means of punishment as an element of the introduction of certain social and moral norms through folk texts. In telungu, the concept of a penalty (punishment) for a conscious or unconscious violation of generally accepted norms and taboos, both social and moral, is one of the plot-elements, though strict bounds as an independent genre have not been identified, they are usually "hidden" in telungu, a bound beeing one of the elements of the setups or the final expressed in a fairly straightforward form. The distinguishing characteristic of punishment in any form is its humanistic component: the punishment is inevitable, but not cruel - the victim can atone, or, as it is characteristic for Tungus-Manchu folklore, can fully escape punishment by a trick. In addition, the violator has always the right to make a right choice in the future. Through the system of punishments that rely on certain violations, a system of moral and ethical norms of the relationship between man and nature, man and spirits of the Upper and Lower Worlds, man and masters of the elements of forest, sea, sky, fire, as well as man and man, is realized in legends. All the masters of the elements and spirits can be brought before a man in a completely understandable and tangible forms to teach a lesson or explain the bound, while the inhabitants of the upper world are almost all immaterial and bounds associated with them are not explained and essentially are taboos. Relationships between man and man always take account of kinship and friendliness factor, clearly differentiating the permissible prohibitions and penalties for "their" and "foreign", whereas the communication with the Lower or the Upper Worlds ends with the end of "normal" life: the transformation of an ordinary person to the shaman, the early death or disappearance. Moreover, of particular interest is the fact that Oroks take the transformation of a person into a shaman as a punishment, suggesting that, as in Nivkh, «"elect spirits" did not play in their public life especially significant role» [Fetisovа, 2016, p. 70].

Keywords: Orok folklore, genres, telungu, concept of punishment, plot, motive, prohibition

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