СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

Формы страдательного залога

Глагол в страдательном залоге можно переводить тремя способами.

The conference was held two years ago.
Конференция (была) проведена два года назад.
Конференция проводилась два года назад.
Конференцию проводили два года назад.

Если после глагола-сказуемого стоит предлог, то перевод обычно начинается с предлога.

The changes were insisted on.
На этих изменениях настаивали.

This paper is often referred to.
На эту статью часто ссылаются.

Глагол refer to в предложениях, начинающихся с предлога for, переводится глаголом "находить".

For a more detailed explanation the reader is referred to the next chapter.
Более детальное объяснение читатель найдет в следующей главе.

Глагол refer to as переводится глаголом "называться".

These substances are referred to as acids.
Эти вещества называются кислотами.

Наиболее часто употребляемые глаголы с предлогами

account for                                              - объяснять
agree on (upon)                                     - договориться, условиться
arrive at                                                  - приходить к (заключению, решению)
bring about                                             - вызывать
comment on (upon)                               - комментировать
deal with                                                 - рассматривать, заниматься, касаться
insist on (upon)                                      - настаивать на
listen to                                                   - слушать
refer to                                                    - ссылаться на, упоминать о; отсылать, находить
rely on                                                     - полагаться на
speak about                                           - говорить о
subject to                                                - подвергать (действию)
substitute by                                           - заменять первое вторым
substitute for                                           - заменять второе первым
touch on (upon)                                       - затрачивать, касаться

Следует обратить внимание на глаголы substitute by и substitute for, так как их часто путают.

Substance I can be substituted by substance II.
Вещество I можно заменить веществом II.

Summation is substituted for integration.
Интегрирование заменили суммированием.

Если за глаголом в страдательном залоге следует дополнение с предлогом, то при переводе предлог ставится перед английским подлежащим.

The lecture was followed by the experiment.
За лекцией последовал эксперимент.

The rate of a reaction is influenced by many factors.
На скорость реакции влияют многие факторы.

Употребление сочетаний глагола с существительным
в страдательном залоге

Наиболее употребительные словосочетания

Такие фразеологические сочетания могут выступать в конструкциях двух типов.

1. Подлежащим является существительное, входящее в данное фразеологическое сочетание.

Use was made of our method.
Использовался наш метод.

2. Данное фразеологическое сочетание является сказуемым.

Our method was made use of.
Использовался наш метод.

Упражнения

I

1. The only physical connection comes along through the vertex interaction which is determined uniquely by the gauge symmetry.
2. Other approaches are now being developed, such as using Lie algebraic techniques to carry out perturbation expansion.
3. It has been mentioned above that formulae and algorithms that implement such formulae are two different things.
4. Care was taken in tuning the AGS ejection system to minimize background from any extraneous proton beam extracted during the muon storage time.
5. Emphasis was also placed on minimizing the cost and number of components while keeping in mind the high stability requirements of the system.
6. This is followed by a very short survey of population genetics.
7. Copper plating is followed by solder plating.
8. For technical details the reader is referred to earlier reports in this lecture series.
9. For further definitions and more extensive discussions on these topics the reader is referred to publication of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements.
10. This case is referred to as the regenerative beam breakup instability.
11. The self-generation of current and magnetic field is referred to as the dynamo effect.
12. The final two sets of events are then referred to as Mc (Monte Carlo) and data.
13. The time t is referred to as the time constant of the RC circuit
14. This is referred to as the field-current identity.
15. Tools are being provided to measure machine optics parameters automatically as part of routine procedures.

II

1. An attempt was made to determine whether these substances might sometimes react as dienophiles.
2. In this regard, attention has been directed to the role of anti-idiotypic antibodies.
3. Since proflavine does not absorb appreciably between 310 and 400 nm, it was concluded that the radicals were produced by a biphotonic process.
4. No yield data or biological effects were reported.
5. No ligand-ligand interaction could be detected in experiments with oligo (dT) in the absence of a complimentary lattice.
6. These authors noted, however, that the slight preferential binding to TA and CG is strongly affected by sequences, and that predictions of binding that are based only upon the local environment are not valid.
7. The positively charged carbonium ion cannot be stabilized by general base catalysis as it does not ionize.
8. It is especially noteworthy that the doublet at the upper (5’) edge of the target site is eliminated in the presence of both (1) and T5C5.
9. It should be noted that in a previous study the VGTTR peptide was localized in fractions coming out before the total column void volume of Sefadex 6-50.
10. Primer extension using DNA polymerase is followed by a cloning step.
11. Base substitution fidelity during DNA synthesis in vitro has been monitored in assays that use single-stranded circular DNA templates.
12. This is followed by a description of how the structurally dynamic properties of DNA can lead to errors resulting from template-primer misalignments.
13. Diverse approaches are being taken to understand the molecular basis of nucleotide discrimination during polymerization.
14. Thus Rees reported that N-acyl-dG could be sulfonated in the presence of arene sulfonyl chlorides and substituted by nitrotriazole during the coupling reactions.
15. A good grad of red lead in acetic acid may be substituted for lead tetra acetate when the latter is not available and, for large scale laboratory synthesis, may be recommended.
16. Therefore, the possibility that regulatory rather than structural genes are responsible for Ig-linked idiotype expression must still be entertained.
17. This method, as it could be expected, lacked sterical specificity and thus led to the formation of the ?- and ? - nucleosides.
18. Activity was also influenced by temperature.
19. For additional details of PAGE techniques the interested reader is referred to a previous volume in this series and some other excellent current texts.
20. Since care was taken in these experiments to exclude the transfer of contaminating M.tuberculosis, this result strongly suggests that clinical effects of the disease are a consequence of an autoimmune reaction in which the auto antigen is shared with M.tuberculosis.
21. I have always been puzzled by the widespread acceptance of the idea that deoxyinosine is precocious in base pairing because inosine behaves in a precocious manner in tRNA duplex interactions.
22. As for other classes of polymerase errors, the frequency and specificity of deletion errors are influenced by the DNA sequence.
23. Thus, by this early date both of the major components of chromatin had been isolated in reasonably pure form.
24. If these sites are situated on the same polynucleotide chain of a DNA duplex, the reaction product is referred to as an intrastrand cross-link.
25. For details, the historically minded reader is referred to a number of excellent books and reviews.
26. The conditions permitting this chain of events are briefly referred to in this section.
27. The total amount of component I removed from bulk solution is referred to as the total uptake.
28. Care must be taken to insure that amplified DNA is not brought into this area.
29. Reagents and supplies should be taken directly from storage cabinets and must never be taken from an area where PCR analyses are being performed.
30. As it has been stated, the increase in the total surface in V3G during oxidation is due to the creation of micropores.

III

1. This question was first raised by Erdos and Rado and subsequently was studied by Specker.
2. This domain is not a field as is shown by simple examples.
3. We assume that B is positive, so that information is being convected from left to right.
4. A multitude of strategies have been devised to obtain numerical results for the discrete problem.
5. This condition is frequently referred to as the Weierstrass M test.
6. An illustration of the behaviour of G is shown in Figure 3.15.
7. It should be noted that the run-time tests are very simple and efficient.
8. Problems with constraints of the form c(x) = 0 can be written in terms of optimal control as we have already shown in Section 1.5.
9. As far as the theorems of this book are concerned the definition (1) could equally well be replaced by the definition (7).
10. By this mechanism, the global topology of a supermanifold can be used to impose physically interesting constraints on superfields.
11. As early as about 1900, it was recognized that most mathematical methods consisted of a mixture, in variable proportions, of algebraic theorems and topological theorems.
12. Much use is made now of influence lines in the theory of structures.
13. Great care must be taken to eleminate initial curvature of the rod and bad centering of the loads.
14. Attempts have been made also to determine the order needed to make the error less than a prescribed quantity E.
15. Hamilton’ s discovery was quickly followed by other new algebras, such as the theory of matrices.
16. It should be remarked that Theorem 4.6 can be phrased in terms of parallel complexity.
17. This set will be referred to as the core of A.
18. The members of this subcollection are referred to as open assumptions of the node.
19. Account was taken of potential savings of primary resources through increased recycling.
20. That this is the case is suggested by the form in which the principle is frequently applied in elementary mathematical treatises.