ЭМФАЗА

     Эмфатические конструкции служат для выделения того или иного члена предложения.

1. Усилительное do

     Для усиления сказуемого в Present и Past Simple употребляется глагол do в соответствующем времени, который стоит перед смысловым глаголом. При переводе используются слова действительно, на самом деле, фактически.

She does know the subject well.
Она действительно знает этот предмет хорошо.

     Если в предложении имеются слова actually, really, indeed, то do не переводится.
Если предложение вводится союзами although, though, то do переводится словами все же, хотя, однако.

Although such compounds are practically unknown, the substances 1 and 2 do yield such complexes.
Хотя такие соединения практически неизвестны, вещества 1 и 2 все же дают такие комплексы.

2. Обратный порядок слов

     Обратный порядок слов используется для выделения второстепенных членов предложения. Выделяемый член предложения выносится на первое место.

Nowhere could he be found.
Его нигде нельзя было найти.

Если сказуемое стоит в Present и Past Simple, то при обратном порядке слов перед подлежащим стоит вспомогательный глагол do.

Only in this paper did we find the necessary data.
Только в этой статье мы нашли необходимые данные.

Иногда на первое место выносятся причастие I, причастие II или прилагательное. Перевод таких предложений нужно начинать с дополнения или обстоятельства, стоящих после вынесенного на первое место слова.

Related to this are many factors.
С этим связаны многие факторы.

Обратный порядок слов употребляется в эмфатических предложениях, вводимых союзами so, neither, nor. Переводятся с помощью слов тоже, а также и, а также не.

He swims very well. So do I.
Он очень хорошо плавает. И я тоже.

He can’ t drive. Neither can I.
Он не умеет водить машину. И я тоже.

Nor should we forget the importance of this factor.
А также мы не должны забывать о важности этого фактора.

3. Эмфатические уступительные предложения

Important as this work is (may be), it does not cover the problem on the whole.
Какой бы важной ни была эта работа, она не охватывает данную проблему в целом.

However complicated the problem is, we are to solve it.
Какой бы сложной ни была эта проблема, мы должны решить ее.

4. Двойное отрицание

     Отрицание not в сочетании с отрицательными приставками прилагательных или наречий un-, in-, il-, im-, ir-, dis- усиливает любые члены предложения, кроме подлежащего и дополнения. Такое сочетание переводится словами довольно, весьма, вполне.

This is not impossible.
Это вполне возможно.

This is not uncommon.
Это довольно обычно.

Вместо отрицания not может стоять выражение by no means.

This is by no means unreasonable.
Это вполне разумно.

5. Эмфатическое сочетание
it is...that (which, who)

     Выделяет любой член предложения, кроме сказуемого. Акцент передается словом именно.

It is he who helped me.
Именно он помог мне.

It is language that enables us to communicate with each other.
Именно язык помогает нам общаться друг с другом.

6. Эмфатическое сочетание
it was not until...that

     Служит для выделения обстоятельства времени. Переводится словами толькo; только тогда, когда; только после.

It was not until 1992 that the book was published.
Книга была опубликована только в 1992 году.

It was not until his book was published for the second time, that it became widely known.
Только после того, как его книга была опубликована во второй раз, она стала хорошо известной.

Вариантом этой конструкции является сочетание not... until after

His book was not published until after the war.
Его книга была опубликована только после войны.

Упражнения

I

1. This system does perform well.
2. Electrical Tokamak does not have the typically high magnetic field capacity of other tokamaks, but it does have a relatively large major radius of 5m.
3. In practice, there do exist sources of thermal neutrons, namely media interfaces in nuclear reactors.
4. Experience with these systems in high-energy physics is limited. Introductory literature does exist.
5. The above amplitudes do indeed form the triangle of Eq.6.
6. To demonstrate that instability does indeed occur, and to estimate how strong it is, we must compute the eigenvalues of the matrix M.
7. Nevertheless, we do have quite a few pieces of the puzzle.
8. Instead, not only does the generator produce the correct code automatically, but it also allows hacks such as the propagation of the minus sign to be implemented with just a couple of lines of code.
9. Not always, however, can this limit be used.
10. Not only is there a shift in the diamond line, but it is also split.
11. Not only are well-ordered note-books useful when you write a paper, but the prompt recording of summaries compels you to give critical thought to each experiment at the best time.
12. Also shown is the mass spectrum when the detector material is included in front.
13. Arriving at CERN from Novosibirsk’ s Budker Institute are magnets for the two transfer lines.
14. Commonly used in this application would be a common-collection amplifier or a transformer with a high primary-to-secondary turns ratio.
15. Of particular interest in solid state detectors is the p-n junction.
16. There is no turning back here, if the called programme terminates, so does this process.
17. Use this device sparingly, however: otherwise you will be in trouble, and so shall I.
18. As it happened, this stacking programme was never used, and neither was the slow extraction.
19. This essay is not a complete text-book on "How to write...". Neither is it designed to replace existing works on literary style or the editorial directives issued by many journals.
20. However the initial and final hadrons wave-functions, the quantities that describe these hadrons in terms of their quark content, are not perturbatively known, nor do they contain only hard quarks.
21. This is not a problem which has been solved entirely, nor is it likely ever to be.
22. Such theories do not in general require any new low-energy CP-violation mechanism, neither do they forbid it.
23. The problem of dealing with soft hadronic physics effects is not unique for calculations of two body decays, nor are the general statements made below about methods and symmetry limits special to those days.
24. Different as Einstein’ s and Newton’ s theories are, within the solar system their results are almost identical.
25. Low as the forces on the spacecraft are, they are not zero.
26. Important as this area is, it is not where I want to spend my time in this paper.
27. Slight departures from these expectations are not unlikely.
28. It is the bunched beam that radiates.
29. It is the geometry of the iron in the pole regions that chiefly determines the field distribution in the gap.
30. It is this slow superimposed motion which contains "all the FEL physics".
31. It is this simple renormalizable structure of the Standard Model that has let us derive specific quantitative predictions for experimental results.
32. It is this regenerative function that allows a trigger pulse to push the flip-flop from one stable state to the other.
33. It was Rutherford who realized the need for an accelerator and who encouraged his colleagues Cockroft and Walton to build the first machine for nuclear physics research.
34. It was for this reason that Bosch developed the "Controller Area Network."
35. It was, however, not until the end of the Second World War that the development of linear accelerators really started.

II

1. DNA polymorphisms do exist at a reasonable frequency and provide useful markers.
2. The values calculated for threonyl-tRNA-synthetase do point to such relationships.
3. As predicted from model ii, the thio effect for rS does approach 1 at high pH.
4. During exposure to this cycled environment, gradual sintering does occur, but is less rapid than for treatment in a single gas at the same temperature.
5. It does seem, however, that we have reached a point where the picture of chromatin structure, at least in its more elementary aspects, has clarified to the point where a coherent presentation is possible.
6. There does seem to be general agreement concerning the timing of changes in ADP-ribozylation histones during the cell cycle.
7. Proofreading does indeed operate during DNA synthesis.
8. This may be an indication that the possible allosteric effect of pyrophosphate does only occur if the enzyme is acting in a dimer complex.
9. Although some scattering does exist, these data can be reasonably correlated by the following equation.
10. Although the thumbs of KF and T7 RNA polymerase are not strictly homologous to the thumb of HIV-S RT, they do contain analogous anti-parallel structural elements.
11. Only for zirconium did they obtain comparable distinctions.
12. It seems, therefore, that in only one of the cases tested does O-methylthreonine take part in an aminoacylation / deacylation cycle.
13. Only subsequently did the viral DNA migrate to the nucleus, where it underwent integration.
14. Also noted in both small and large intestine was the presence of high molecular weight bands.
15. Compared in Fig.9 are the maximum yields in furan and crotonaldehyde from butadiene on these samples as a function of the number of added V atoms.
16. As the surface coverage increases, so does the vapour pressure.
17. There are no reports, to my knowledge, of cytoplasmic methylation of histones. However, neither is there proof, that even type II enzymes are excluded from nuclei in vivo.
18. The sites and extent of this modification are unknown. Nor is it clear whether glycozylation of histones is a general phenomenon or merely a peculiarity of T.
19. I heard Max Delbruck lecture, but I don’ t think I understand the significance of who he was, nor was I influenced by him to go into molecular biology.
20. Although the DNA structure is clearly of the B type, present resolution does not allow an exact determination of the number of residues per turn. Nor can the exact number of turns be determined, for the ends of the DNA are not distinct.
21. It is not impossible that one or more substances might have general application.
22. DNA regions with these sequence characteristics are not uncommon in the cellular genome.
23. It is not uncommon for labeling to be spread over a large number of components.
24. It seems not unreasonable that the DNA-EDTA-Fe(II) probes do not bind Watson-Crick DNA in slightly basic solutions and consequently do not produce cleavage under these conditions.
25. It is not unreasonable to assume therefore that below ~ 250K the lifting of the reconstruction results in a surface with a very high step density.
26. It is not unreasonable to take the position that chromatin structure, and indeed the eukaryotic nucleus itself, exists because of the peculiar requirements of eukaryotic DNA.
27. It is therefore not unreasonable to speculate that organisms, particularly those existing at high temperatures and low pH may have been under selective pressure to evolve mechanisms for the repair of such potentially mutagenic lesions.
28. It is this hydration feature in particular that stabilizes B-DNA (as opposed to A-DNA) under conditions of high humidity.
29. It is to these questions that we now return.
30. While the calculation involves a number of assumptions and is acknowledged by authors to be quantitatively imprecise, it is the order of magnitude of the answer that is surprising.
31. In the view of Richmond et al., it is this distortion, rather than steric protection by histones, that may account for this pattern.
32. It is from two series of investigations that the most detailed and complete information has been gleaned.
33. It is apparent from the previous paragraph that it is the dissociated form of methane which is the most energetically favorable mode of adsorption.
34. As the Table 4-16 shows, it is precisely those variants labeled "replication-independent" that accumulates as the tissue matures.
35. It is for this reason that fined-grained Y-TZP is readily obtainable under nearly all processing conditions.
36. On the contrary, at higher ionic strength electrostatic repulsion are largely shielded, and it is the electrostatic interaction between unlike charges (DNA-histone) that is weakened.
37. It is this feature which is exploited in the second round of internally primed amplification by the selection of an empirically identified Td which only permits full denaturation of the smaller amplicon, thus effectively preventing further amplification with the external primer set.
38. It was not until the late 1930s that the application of such techniques as viscometry and the ultracentrifuge began to convince some biochemists that nucleic acids were indeed macromolecular substances.
39. Indeed, it was not until the 1960s, when chromatographic and gel electrophoretic methods became widely available, that real progress in the study of individual histones became possible.
40. However, it was not until 1969, when the new era in neuroendocrinology was started, that the authenticity of the Harris' portal-vessel chemotransmitter hypothesis gained firm experimental evidence.
41. However, the nature of this structure was unclear, and it was not until Leammli examined histone-depleted chromosomes that a more detailed picture could be presented.
42. It was not until the two separate techniques of DNA sequence determination and the chemical synthesis of short oligomers of DNA were combined that any quantitative data on the effect of base pair mismatches on duplex stability could be obtained.
43. It was not until recently that the tetranucleotide hypothesis became a straightjacket.
44. Although the presence of phosphorylated proteins in the nucleus had been recognized for many years, it was not until 1966 that two groups succeeded in demonstrating that these phosphoproteins included histones.
45. It was not until lately that an explanation for this phenomenon was offered.

III

1. When comparing two behaviour structures the special nature of BEH does have some effect.
2. The functional F, which we now introduce, do have critical extremals for certain values of ?.
3. If we to make this replacement, we create an algorithm in which each wave system is handled in a manner which is second-order accurate.
4. The function Ua, used by Ritz as an approximation for u, is not generally a solution of the differential equation, but it does satisfy the boundary conditions for all values of the arbitrary constants which it contains.
5. In our example A does indeed satisfy the theory T.
6. Unfortunately, the method does have major drawbacks of which the user must be aware.
7. It is clear that this statement does indeed express the property of well-ordering, thus we may say that well-ordering is a second-order property.
8. Although Conery’ s approach does retain the original Prolog syntax and semantics, it does so at fairly considerable expense.
9. But by hypothesis, if m possesses that property, so does n.
10. Even the existence of arbitrarily dense Picard sets is not unlikely.
11. Not only does algebra become almost impossible to carry through without error, but the whole object of creating a neat and efficient solution is being defeated.
12. In no way do we expect that the minimum of the functional is attained at only one element of ? , though this happens in many cases.
13. In fact, it was the Atiyah-Singer theorem which was the chief impulse for introducing the pseudodifferential operators.
14. It was O.Martio who suggested that he should start writing this book.
15. It is precisely this latter course however, which must be recommended.
16. It is here that the analysis developed in the preceding section is used.
17. On the other hand, it is the algebraic character of the theory of distributions which makes it such a useful extension of measure theory.
18. Simple proofs of Theorem 7 were obtained by Balcazar, Book, and Schoning, and it is their technique that is described here.
19. It is within that frame that one now expresses the results of Abelian class field theory, where in addition the formulation of the main theorems now uses the cohomology of groups.
20. And it was only in 1973 that Deligne obtained a complete proof of all the conjectures.