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                      МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ Модальность - это отношение автора к сообщаемой информации.
 Каждый модальный глагол имеет свое единое значение, которое он может реализовать
в двух ситуациях:
 
 1 ситуация - побуждение к действию извне или изнутри;
 2 ситуация - оценка вероятности события.
 
 Так, предложение He must come может иметь двоякое значение. В первой ситуации
- Он должен (обязан) прийти. Во второй - Он, должно быть, (вероятно)
придет.
В первой ситуации глагол must означает требование, побуждение извне, во второй
- оценку вероятности события.
 Значение и перевод модальных глаголов 
        
          | Глагол | Значение | Перевод |  
          | 1
          ситуация | 2
          ситуация |  
          |   must |   отсутствие
          альтернативы, обязанность
 | 
            должно, необходимо
 | должно
                  быть, наверняка, несомненно,
 обязательно
 |  
          | have
          to |             наличие
              вынужденных обстоятельств, закон, правило | вынужден,
                  должен, приходится, бязан | обязательно,должно быть,
 наверное
 |  
          | be
                    to | 
            договоренность;запрограммированность
 | должно,предстоит,
 намечено,
 планируется,
 суждено
 | следует,можно (ожидать)
 |  
          | shall | 
            зависимость
                        от посторонней воли  | должно,надлежит,
 обязан
 | 
            - |  
          | ought
                    to | наличие
          веских доводов в пользу чего-либо | 
            
              следует,полагается,
 рекомендуется
 | 
            
              по
                        всей видимости,очевидно (только с перфектными глаголами)
 |  
          | should | наличие
                  у автора субъективного отношения в пользу чего-либо, совет,
          рекомендация  | 
            
              следует хорошо
                  бы, желательно,надо бы
 | 
            
              следует
                      ожидать, вполне вероятно,
  должно быть |  
          | may/
          might | наличие
          альтернативы  | 
            
              можно, 
  разрешено,допустимо
 | 
            
              может
                    быть,
возможно,вероятно,
не исключено
 |  
          | can/
          could  | наличие благоприятных обстоятельств
 |  |  |  
          | will/
          would | наличие
                  тенденции,уверенность
 | 
            
              охотно,обязательно,
 во что бы то ни стало,
хотелось бы
 | 
            
              естественно,обычно,
 свойственно,
 как правило,
 бывало
 |  
   Примеры: 1. All children must go to school.
 Все дети должны ходить в школу.
 2. His son must go to school. He is seven.Его сын, несомненно, пойдет в школу. Ему семь лет.
 3. He has to go there. His mother is ill.Он вынужден поехать туда. Его мать больна.
 4. Pilots have to wear a uniform.Летчики обязаны носить форму.
 5. There has to be a way out of this situation.Из этой ситуации обязательно есть выход.
 6. The conference is to be held next year.Конференцию планируется провести в следующем году.
 7. The metal is to be found in nature.Этот металл можно найти в природе.
 8. He was to part with her. 9. They shall not pass!Они не пройдут! (не сумеют, не должны).
 (Shall часто не переводится вообще, а передается интонацией.)
 10. Many Americans believe that young people ought
            to leave home after graduation
      from high school or college. Многие американцы считают, что молодым людям следует жить отдельно после
 окончания школы или колледжа.
 11. We believe he ought to be right in the long run.Мы верим, что он обязательно окажется прав в конечном счете.
 12. You should write down new words.Вам следует выписывать новые слова.
 13. Your should pass your exam.Он, должно быть, придет.
 14. You may choose your line of work.Вы можете выбирать свой стиль работы.
 15. He may (might) be ill.Он, вероятно, болен.
 16. He can learn better.Он может учиться лучше.
 
 17. There can be more than one solution here.
 Здесь может быть более чем одно решение.
 18. We will enjoy creative work. Творческая деятельность всегда приносит радость.
 19. Children will ask questions.Детям свойственно задавать вопросы.
 20. There will be him. He promised to come. 21. He would stay in the laboratory for weeks.Он бывало неделями не выходил из лаборатории.
 Will (would) + отрицание not - означает упорное нежелание что-либо
      делать, отказ действовать, функционировать. 22. He wouldn’ t listen to us.Он и слушать нас не хотел.
 23. The data wouldn’ t agree with the theory.Данные никак не согласуются с теорией.
 Модальные глаголы с перфектным инфинитивом       Модальные глаголы в сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом означают отношение
      автора к действию в прошлом. Примеры: 1. He must have finished his experiment.Он, должно быть, закончил эксперимент.
 2. I should have thanked him for his advice.Мне следовало бы поблагодарить его за совет.
 3. Such phenomena should have occurred long ago.Такие явления, по всей вероятности, происходили давно.
 4. You ought to have foreseen it.Вам следовало бы предвидеть это.
 5. They ought to have arrived at different conclusions.Они, по всей видимости, пришли к разным заключениям.
 6. He may have realized the complexity of this task.Он, вероятно, осознал всю сложность этой задачи.
 7. You might have done it without my permission.Можно было это сделать без моего разрешения.
 8. You might have overlooked an error.Вы, возможно, просмотрели ошибку.
 9. I could have heard the lecture but I came too late.Я мог бы послушать эту лекцию, но пришел слишком поздно.
 10. They could have made an attempt to return but it turned out to be a failure.Они, возможно, сделали попытку вернуться, но она оказалась неудачной.
 11. This will have been noticed by the reader.Читатель это, естественно, заметил.
 12. They would have done it but did not want to risk.Они были готовы сделать это, но не хотели рисковать.
 
 Упражнения
 I
          1. The corrections must also be as independent as possible with respect
                  to the cut parameters (robust correction).2. The coefficients A and B must be linear functions if the bobbin is
          assumed to be perfectly cylindrical.
 3.	The following precautions must be observed when working with this
          equipment.
 4.	A polarized source must be used to inject polarized protons.
 5. Care must be taken to properly clean and install all o-rings, which
          provide the vacuum seal.
 6. Humans have to determine what diagnostics will give useful information:
          this usually requires insight into what physical processes are likely
          to be important.
 7. The general precautions that have to be taken when working with electrical
          equipment are as follows.
 8. The purpose is to provide information that has to be known throughout
          the network to all the machines on the network.
 9. However, this is not the case for the meson, so one has to make the
          appropriate modification.
 10. If the magnet does not have to be fixed to earth potential at one
          end, then the best solution is to have a differential medium-point earthing
          on the
          supply, as shown in Fig.7.
 11. Methodologies and conventions of software engineering have to surround
          the process. Software will have to be engineered.
 12. To be of real use, this definition has to be complemented by a measure
          of purity of the sample of found tracks.
 13. By construction, significance level distribution should be flat,
          independent of track momentum and direction, as was found to be the case.
 14. One should also notice that the phase shift is not expected to be
          as accurate in this invariant mass region as it should be below the P
          mass peak.
 15. It should be noted that stimulated scattering of Longmuir waves off
          ions can also lead to condensation of energy to lower K and can be more
          important
          than electrostatic decay under some circumstances.
 16. It should be noted that although all nuclear data tables in Appendix
          G are available to users at Los Alamos, users at other installations
          will generally
          have only a subset of the tables available.
 17.	Care should be taken not to incorporate too many correlated variables.
 18. It should be emphasized that activity measures the source disintegration
          rate, which is not synonymous with the emission rate of radiation produced
          in its decay.
 19. Feature extraction followed by parameterization should normally always
          be considered when detector has to be studied.
 20. At this point, the different factors, by which the two loss components
          of grain-oriented material are affected, should be mentioned.
 21. One should point out that another feature of cool gases is that the
          drift velocity has a linear dependence on the electric field E and the
          gas density
          N.
 22. It should be clear that the smaller the figure for the energy resolution,
          the better the detector will be able to distinguish between two radiations
          whose energy lie near each other.
 23. It is interesting that Penzias and Wilson were led to this idea by
          the news that Dicke had suggested that one ought to use a radiometer
          to search
          for the cosmic background.
 24. A new synchrotron has been designed which is to give over a billion
          electron volts of energy.
 25. Also collaborating with the Varian brothers were two graduate students,
          Woodyard and Ginzton, both of whom were to take leading roles in Stanford’s
          postwar programs.
 26. It is to be hoped that similar publications will eventually become
          available describing other major accelerator installations.
 27. If alpha particles are to be accelerated, double ionized helium atoms
          must first be created in an ion source by an electrical discharge, intense
          RF field,
          or other means.
 28. If the sources are to be used to carry out accurate efficiency calibration
          as well, their absolute activity must also be known.
 29. The discussion here will be limited to a few methods that can be
          used in track finding.
 30. It is worth mentioning here a distinction that can be made between
          OLAP database and SDB relative to Step2.
 31. One could ask a question whether we can somehow improve the isochrony
          of this chamber.
 32. As soon as Maxwell made it clear which electromagnetic fields were
          theoretically possible it must have occurred to many physicists that
          particles could be accelerated
          by RF-fields.
 33. Such movements are dangerous as they generate heat and may lead to
          a premature breakdown of superconductivity, i.e. a quench.
 34.	In electron rings, however, this may not be sufficient.
 35. Additional conditions on the coefficients might lead to more symmetries
          to appear.
 36.	Tracks with as few as three space points may have to be accepted.
 37. Inconclusive experiments may have to be described as a basis for
          suggestions about what may be done next.
 38. The condition for spin resonances defines a dense web and one might
          think that one cannot avoid depolarization resonances.
 39. Although the Fano factor is substantially less than unity for semiconductor
          diode detectors and proportional counters, other type such as scintillation
          detectors appear to show a limiting resolution consistent with Poisson
          statistics and the Fano factor would, in these cases, be unity.
 40. The conclusion will have been made that the "ideal" software
          would have the following features.
 II  1. Hence, purification of DNA must be carried out in primarily aqueous
              solution where its polyionic character can be exploited by use of ion
              exchange chromatography
            or electrophoresis.
 2.	Whether these two phenomena are related has yet to be discovered.
 3. These finding effects, however, have to be considered cautiously because
          single-stranded DNA contains folded regions and hence they give rise to
            the interaction with distamycin.
 4. Otherwise, another synthetic oligonucleotide or a restriction fragment
          has to be used as a primer.
 5. The possibility that this heterogeneous distribution was due to the
          photolabeling of catalytic and/or noncatalytic sites has to be considered.
 6.	Consequently, fresh enzyme had to be added during every cycle.
 7. Therefore chromatographic techniques that could accomplish this result
          had to be developed.
 8. So what is the concentration of the acid or base that is to be used
          in the calculation?
 9. Therefore, it is the obligation of the experimenter to provide proof
          of sequence difference, if the existence of true variants is to be claimed.
 10. If the direction of that asymmetry were to reverse, interruptions could
          be generated.
 11. The postulated reaction scheme indicates that there are two aspects
          which must be addressed if we are to understand the chemical nuclease activity
          of
          S,10-phenantroline-copper.
 12. The wide scope of the subject is demonstrated by the fact that biochemists
          and their methods are to be found in almost any institution where biological
          work is conducted.
 13. The development of the full panoply of DNA cloning techniques in the
          early 1970s made it clear that the prime target for work with synthetic
          deoxyribooligonucleotides
          should be a method for monitoring gene isolation.
 14. If a large excess of competitor DNA fragment identical to the probe
          is added to the binding reaction, formation of the protein-DNA complex
          should
          be abolished.
 15. Alternatively, if a competitor DNA fragment that does not contain a
          high-affinity binding site for the protein is added to the binding reaction,
          the amount of
          protein-DNA complex formed should be unaffected.
 16. The four tNTPs should be used at equivalent concentrations to minimize
          misincorporation errors.
 17.	In addition the coverage at this point should certainly exceed 0.25.
 18.	This should be reflected by the TD spectra.
 19.	Therefore, one may expect repulsive interactions between adsorbed
          NO molecules.
 20. It has been proposed that incorporation of other unusual nucleotide
          residues into nascent DNA may also result in subsequent excision-repair
          processes.
 21. Consequently drugs which are specifically activated by protonation
          may exhibit a slight preferential effect.
 22. This might be because a single acridine intercalations event provides
          the same stabilization effect.
 23. Such modifications might lead to incorporation of a wrong nucleotide
          by route 1c.
 24. Thus the tertiary structure of the growing polynucleotide may have
          limited the access of the incoming nucleotide to the 3'-OH terminus of
          the polynucleotide.
 25. In the first place we may have to understand much better then we do
          now the interaction between chromatin, its associated proteins, and the
          nuclear
          matrix.
 26.	Specific steps may have to be introduced to remove these contaminants.
 27. It is potentially mutagenic since it can pair not only with thymine
          but also with cytosine.
 28. Most DNA-damaging agents produce two or more types of lesions in their
          principal target that can pose severe analytical problems.
 29. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said of chromatin structure, in particular
          with respect to the problems of transcription.
 30. We could find no indication that aggregation of the labeled oligomer
          was occurring.
 31. The low level of processive synthesis found here could not have been
          detected by kinetic methods.
 32. It seems clear from the data that this reaction is more strongly dependent
          on the reaction time than it would be expected for simple second order
          kinetics.
 33. A C 1S peak broadened to higher binding energies would be expected
          for an oxygen-containing surface intermediate because of the electron withdrawing
          nature of oxygen.
 34. In the absence of inhibition effects, one would expect the formation
          of regular polyhedrons with low-index planes in their facets.
 35. This was the task for organic chemists, and it would seem that the
          tetranucleotide model provided a convenient framework.
 36.	The "ideal" software would have the following features.
 37. The difference in the interfacial area would indicate that the seryl-tRNA
          synthetase dimer is more stable than the seryl-tRNA synthetase monomer.
 38. Each time before he could bring it to the summit, it would roll back
          down, and he had to begin anew.
 39. Different results would not have been obtained even at much slower
          heating rates.
 40.	This will have been noticed by the reader.
 III 1. But such a success is exceptional, in general, one must be content with
        much less.2.	Indirectly, we have to guarantee the existence of these functions.
 3. The emptiness problem of HF is simple since we only have to check the set
        of axioms for emptiness.
 4.	The objects of computation have to be created by finitistic means.
 5.	The exercises in the book are to be taken as samples.
 6. If an inductive procedure is to be used to determine this expression, then
        we will have to consider not only statements but also formulas.
 7.	This point may, of course, differ from one solution to another.
 8. Structures may allow so much "pathology" that their classification
        looks completely hopeless.
 9. Instead of functionals (1) we may have to deal with integrals depending
        on derivatives of higher order.
 10. Finally, one should not minimize the impact of the theory of categories
        on many mathematical theories.
 11.	Depending on these values the random walk need not be infinite.
 12. In turn the mathematical problem was to be modeled by an arithmetical problem
        and it was rather casually taken for granted that the arithmetical solution
        would converge to the analytic solution.
 13.	The data obtained would not agree with the theoretical predictions.
 14. The popularization of the idea that a set theoretic mapping should be considered
        as a particular kind of morphism has helped to clarify intricate notions such
        as those of algebraic group or formal group by inserting them within the general
        concept of algebraic structures on categories.
 15. After H.Weyl and E.Cartan had developed in 1925-1930 the global theory
        of semisimple Lie groups, of their finite-dimensional representations and symmetric
        spaces, one might have thought that this chapter of Lie theory was thus brought
        to a close.
 
 
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