СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ,
УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
И УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ SHOULD, WOULD, MAY, MIGHT И COULD

1. ФОРМЫ СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОГО НАКЛОНЕНИЯ

     В отличие от изъявительного наклонения сослагательное наклонение выражает действие, рассматриваемое говорящим не как реальное, а как предполагаемое или желательное. Сослагательное наклонение может быть выражено простыми формами сослагательного наклонения, формами глагола во временах Past Indefinite и Past Perfect изъявительного наклонения, а также с помощью глаголов should, would, may (might) в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола без частицы to и глаголом could + инфинитив в значении сослагательного наклонения (мог бы, можно было бы).
     Форма сослагательного наклонения в настоящем времени совпадает с формой инфинитива без частицы to и употребляется во всех лицах. Она не имеет эквивалента в русском и не всегда может быть переведена:

If this be so, no further investigation is required.
Если это так (в чем я сомневаюсь), то никакого дальнейшего исследования не требуется.

Форма сослагательного наклонения в прошедшем времени образуется только от глагола to be для всех лиц единственного и множественного числа:

If I were in his place . . .
Если бы я был на его месте. . .

The document looks as if it were written by two persons.
Документ выглядит так, как будто он (был) написан двумя лицами.

     Форма сослагательного наклонения от всех глаголов, кроме to be, совпадает по внешнему виду с формами Past Indefinite и Past Perfect:

I wish I went with you!
Хотел бы я пойти с вами!

If I had found that book yesterday . . .
Если бы я нашел вчера эту книгу. . .

     Форма сослагательного наклонения может быть выражена сочетанием вспомогательных глаголов should, would, might, could с инфинитивом смыслового глагола. Время сослагательного наклонения зависит от формы инфинитива и времени вспомогательного глагола:

I should help you if I were not so busy myself.
Я бы помог вам, если бы не был сам так занят.

It would be a mistake to think so.
Было бы ошибкой думать так.

See to it that glass may not be broken.
Присмотрите за тем, чтобы стекло не сломалось.

This rule might be applied here.
Это правило можно было бы применить здесь.

This could be proved only by facts.
Это можно было бы доказать только фактами.

2. ОСНОВНЫЕ СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ФОРМ СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОГО НАКЛОНЕНИЯ

     1. В простых предложениях, в главных предложениях и в различных придаточных употребляются следующие формы сослагательного наклонения.

     1). Изменяющиеся по лицам глаголы should и would + инфинитив (Indefinite и Perfect) смыслового глагола.
     Такие формы сослагательного наклонения переводятся на русский язык прошедшим временем смыслового глагола с частицей "бы":

I should offer another explanation to this phenomenon.
Я бы предложил иное объяснение этому явлению.

Не would have acted differently in these circumstances.
Он поступил бы по-другому в этих обстоятельствах.

Примечание. Выбор формы инфинитива зависит от того, как мыслится действие: как предполагаемое или относящееся к будущему (Indefinite), или как относящееся к прошлому (Perfect).

     2). Глаголы might, could+инфинитив без частицы в собственном модальном значении "мог бы, можно было бы" (примеры см. выше).


     
      2. В дополнительных придаточных предложениях после союза that, в том случае если главное предложение содержит глагол или существительное, выражающие приказ, просьбу, совет, требование, употребляются простые формы сослагательного наклонения настоящего времени и вспомогательный глагол should, неизменяющийся по лицам + инфинитив:

The workers demanded that the law be put into effect.
Рабочие потребовали, чтобы закон был приведен в действие.

Не advised that we should start at once.
Он посоветовал, чтобы мы отправлялись сразу.

     В таких случаях английское дополнительное придаточное предложение, содержащее форму сослагательного наклонения, переводится русским дополнительным придаточным предложением с союзом "чтобы".
     Употребление сослагательного наклонения наблюдается после следующих глаголов, выражающих приказ, просьбу, совет, требование:

to advise -- советовать
to arrange -- уславливаться, договариваться
to ask -- просить
to decree -- отдавать распоряжение
to demand -- требовать
to desire -- желать
to insist -- настаивать
to order -- приказывать, велеть
to propose -- предлагать
to request -- требовать (вежливо), просить, запрашивать, предлагать
to require -- приказывать, требовать
to see to it -- позаботиться, присмотреть
to suggest -- предлагать, советовать
to urge -- побуждать, понуждать, настаивать


     3. В придаточных предложениях цели после союзов in order that -- для того чтобы, that -- чтобы, so that - чтобы, с тем чтобы, so as to -- чтобы, lest -- чтобы ... не ... - употребляются: простые формы сослагательного наклонения настоящего времени; глагол should+инфинитив для всех лиц; глагол may, might с ослабленным собственным значением.
     Во всех указанных случаях английское придаточное предложение переводится на русский язык обстоятельственным придаточным предложением цели:

Не purposedly left town in the evening in order that it might be night when he reached his dwelling.
Он намеренно ушел из города вечером, чтобы была (уже) ночь, когда он доберется до своего жилья.

Take the book from the child lest it should spoil it.
Возьмите книгу у ребенка, чтобы он ее не испортил.

A teacher must speak clearly so that his students may understand well.
Преподаватель должен говорить ясно, чтобы студенты понимали (его) хорошо.

     4. В придаточных дополнительных предложениях с союзом that после безличного главного предложения типа
it is necessary that. . .      it is important that. . .      it is strange that. . . , употребляются простые формы сослагательного наклонения настоящего времени; глагол should+инфинитив для всех лиц. Придаточное предложение в русском языке может начинаться со слов "что" и "чтобы":

It is desirable that everyone be present.
Желательно, чтобы все присутствовали.

It was very strange that they should have met in such a place.
Было очень странно, что они встретились в таком месте.

     5. В уступительных придаточных предложениях (1) употребляются: простые формы сослагательного наклонения настоящего времени; глаголы may, might (с ослабленным значением)+инфинитив; should+инфинитив (очень редко).

Whoever the author may have been, his work is of a highest quality.
Кто бы ни был автор, его произведение -- самого высокого качества.

Excellent though it be from the point of style, the work is devoid of historical value.
Как ни прекрасно произведение с точки зрения стиля, оно (не имеет) лишено исторической ценности.

(1) Об уступительных придаточных предложениях см. в разделе "Эмфатические конструкции"

     6. В придаточных сравнительных предложениях после союзов than -- чем, нежели, as if, as though -- как будто бы, как если бы -- употребляются: формы сослагательного наклонения прошедшего времени от глагола to be (were, were+причастие II; were+ причастие I); формы сослагательного наклонения, совпадающие с формами Past Indefinite и Past Perfect.

This conjunction is sometimes used as if it were a relative pronoun.
Этот союз иногда употребляется так, как будто бы он является относительным местоимением.

     7. В определительных придаточных предложениях употребляются:
would + инфинитив;
might + инфинитив в собственном значении "мог бы", "можно было бы";
could + инфинитив в собственном значении "мог бы", "можно было бы".

We must come to an agreement that would put an end to all nuclear tests.
Мы должны прийти к соглашению, которое положило бы конец всем ядерным испытаниям.

There are some suggestions that might help in our work.
Имеются некоторые предложения, которые могли бы помочь в нашей работе.

     8. В составе именного сказуемого как связочный глагол употребляется would+инфинитив (Indefinite и Perfect):

This fact would have been enough in our case.
Этого факта было бы достаточно в нашем случае.

То define these features would require a lot of time.
Определение этих признаков потребовало бы очень много времени.

Упражнение

Переведите. Определите форму сослагательного наклонения, и тип предложения, в котором оно употреблено.

1. I should agree with him.
2. Anyone would agree with him.
3. He proposed that we should go fishing in the evening.
4. We insist that the problem be dealt with by the Security Council in its full composition.
5.Without your help the work would have had much more mistakes.
6. In the entrance exams he missed some questions which a schoolboy could have answered.
7. It is not surprising, therefore, that Rome should begin to take a greater interest in the affairs of Greece.
8. The load finally became unbearable. The people refused to pay taxes and asked that all debts be cancelled.
9. It was inevitable that William the Conqueror (2) should feudalize England.
10. This custom would have seemed strange to us.
11. He arranged that they should be relieved of their work for that time.
12. Milton (3) demanded three things of poetry: that it be simple, sensuous and expressive.
13. I hope that I can indicate methods that might be developed further.
14. Regrettable as that may be in view of the antiquity of our texts, the material is certainly too ambiguous.
15. They demand that their trusts and monopolies be given free access to these countries.
16. Pound (a poet) is a master of rhythmic invention in verse; there is probably no one who would want to deny this.
17. But being a Frenchman he had pushed his researches further than any Englishman at this period would have dared to.
18.The bailiff had to keep his eye on the unwilling workmen lest they should sit down for half-an-hour at a time at the end of every furrow.
19. They dared not come out in the day-time lest they should be noticed.
20. It was entirely undesirable that this information should be given away.
21. As a conclusion to this section, however, it is therefore, entirely proper that we quote one of his chapter headings.
22. The title of the first story is taken from the name of the hero. It is the best known of the series, and has been published separately, as if it were the entire work.
23. In that age of reason it was necessary that clearness of expression should be joined to precision of thought.
24. This is a hypothesis which could be proved only by the actual discovery of remains of this race.
25. It is remarkable that the common plural should be formed from the feminine singular.
26. Under whatever economic system a people may live, their language serves alike the activity of consolidating and defending that economic system, and also of changing it and replacing it by another.
27. Burns' (4) poetry is really more universal than this distinction would imply.
28. There are three other passages where a similar cure might well be applied.
29. A main theme in Chartist history was the attempt to create a sense of class unity which would bind together these three groups.
30. Lest it should be thought that we are making an unwarranted postulate, we may cite examples in languages other than English.
31. It would be a mistake to think that they are unaware of the fact.
32. Feeling less, Hamlet would have less inclination to act; thinking less, he would have more power to act.

(2) William the Conqueror ['Wiljam 9e'konkere] -- Вильгельм Завоеватель.
(3) Milton -- Джон Мильтон (1608--1674), великий английский поэт.
(4) Burns -- Роберт Берне (1759--1796), знаменитый шотландский поэт

3. УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

     Условное предложение состоит из главного и придаточного предложения. Придаточное предложение выражает условие, а главное -- следствие этого условия. Условные предложения вводятся следующими союзами и союзными словами:

Существуют три типа условных предложений.

     I тип условного предложения - реальное условие.
     Сказуемое главного и придаточного условного предложения может стоять в любом времени изъявительного наклонения. Чаще всего в главном предложении употребляется Present или Future Indefinite, а в придаточном Present Indefinite:

If you listen carefully you will understand.
Если вы будете слушать внимательно, вы поймете.

If she promised me to be here, she will certainly come.
Если она обещала мне быть здесь, то она. конечно, придет.

If I had spare time, I spent it on reading.
Если у меня было (бывало) свободное время, я тратил его на чтение.

      В условных придаточных 1 типа могут употребляться собственные формы сослагательного наклонения настоящего времени (be, have, give -- для всех лиц) или should+ инфинитив.
      В первом случае настоящее время сослагательного не имеет эквивалента в русском переводе и все предложение переводится настоящим временем:

If my information be correct, he has declined the proposal.
Если я правильно осведомлен, он отклонил предложение.

     В случае употребления should+Infinitive Indefinite все предложение приобретает оттенок малой вероятности реализации условия, однако переводится на русский язык глаголом в изъявительном наклонении:

If he should ask you, don't tell him anything.
Если (на тот случай если) он спросит вас, не говорите ему ничего.

     II тип - нереальное условие.
     Сказуемое главного предложения стоит в сослагательном наклонении (сочетание should, would с Infinitive Indefinite), сказуемое придаточного условного предложения стоит в форме сослагательного наклонения, совпадающей с Past Indefinite. Сказуемое в главном и придаточном предложениях переводится сослагательным наклонением:

If you listened carefully, you would understand.
Если бы вы слушали внимательно, вы бы поняли.

If she were asked to come, she would certainly come.
Если бы ее попросили прийти, она бы, конечно, пришла.

      Если подчеркивается малая вероятность выполнения условия, то в условном придаточном употребляются формы should+Infinitive Indefinite (для всех лиц) или were to+Infinitive Indefinite:

If he should see you here, he would be surprized.
Если бы он увидел вас здесь, он бы удивился.

If I were to choose one of these books, I should take the first.
Если бы я выбирал одну из этих книг, я бы взял первую.

     III тип - нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
      Сказуемое главного предложения выражено формой сослагательного наклонения should или would+ Infinitive Perfect. Сказуемое условного придаточного стоит в форме сослагательного наклонения, совпадающей с Past Perfect. Оба предложения переводятся на русский язык сослагательным наклонением (так же, как условные предложения II типа):

If you had listened attentively, you would have understood.
Если бы вы слушали внимательно, вы бы поняли (но вы не слушали).

If you had not told me, I should never have known the facts.
Если бы вы мне не сказали, я бы никогда не знал об этом (а вы мне сказали).

Примечание 1. В русском языке условные предложения II и III типа грамматически не различаются.
Примечание 2. В условных предложениях II и III типа вместо should и would в главном предложении могут употребляться модальные глаголы might и could в их собственных значениях "мог бы, могли бы, можно было бы" и т. п. В условном придаточном глаголы could и might тоже могут употребляться в значении "если бы мог, если бы можно было" и т. п.


Упражнение

Определите тип условного предложения на основании форм глагола в главном и придаточном предложениях. Переведите.

1. If they had not been barbarians, they would not have destroyed Roman civilization.
2. Provided the Committee continued along this path, it would succeed in carrying out its task.
3. If this naval battle about which Herodotus says nothing is not a fiction we must assume that ships from Miletus and other Ionian cities were present.
4. If the whole of Hamlet were written in verse of this kind, the effect, obviously, would be intolerably monotonous.
5. If some grammatical category is absent in a given language, its meaning may be translated into this language by lexical means.
6. We'd have gone on to the University, if we could have got scholarships.
7. If almost any two Oriental and European works of art be set side by side, one feels at once the gulf between them.
8.If he had lived, he would have been celebrating his sixtieth birthday.
9.If the question were less important it would not be worth labouring in a review.
10.If the scheme had been fully carried out, there would have been more than a hundred tales, but as a matter of fact, Chaucer has only given us twenty four tales.
11. So closely are the book and the writer bound together that unless the biography be fully written no real account of the growth of the book can be given.
12. But if that were all that could be said about those painters the affair would be simple.
13. For long campaigns he needed soldiers who were prepared to go anywhere -- provided they were paid.
14. If our alphabet were more perfect than it is, we should have one separate symbol to express each separate sound.
15. We are obliged to state that no one can understand the word "cheese" unless he has an acquaintance with the meaning assigned to this word in the lexical code of English.
16. It seems that the earliest inhabitants of the island were a race called "cave men". Their very existence is questioned. If they were a real people, the only remaining traces of them are pit dwellings and shell mounds, and they must have been in the most primitive stages of culture.
17. If you look throughout the world, you shall find all men full of opinions, but knowledge only in a few.
18. Yet, if anything went wrong(5), the Francs at once suspected the Greek guides of treachery.
19. Unless he works hard and in earnest, he will be certainly plucked.
20. Any Negro threatening a Spaniard with any kind of weapon, even if no harm was inflicted, was to receive one hundred lashes. If the slave repeated the act, the hand bearing the weapon was nailed.
21. It would leave a false impression if nothing were to be said in this chapter about baroque sculpture and painting in Catholic Europe.
22. Provided there be only one accented syllable, there may be more syllables in any foot.
23. Tancred (6) declared that unless the Emperor's great tent was given to him filled to the brim with gold, as well as an amount equal to all the gold given to the other princes, he would swear nothing.

(5)to go wrong -- не ладиться, не получаться.
(6) Tancred -- Танкред, имя военачальника-крестоносца.

     Бессоюзные условные предложения.
     При отсутствии союза в придаточном условном предложении происходит инверсия и сказуемое (или его первая часть) ставится перед подлежащим:

Were she here, she would call at your Institute.
Если бы она была здесь, она зашла бы к вам в институт. (ср. русское: была бы она здесь. . .).

Had you listened carefully, you would have understood (If you had listened. . .)
Если бы вы слушали внимательно, вы бы поняли. . .

Should she see you, she would be surprized (If she should see you. . .).
Если бы она увидела вас, она бы удивилась. . .

What would become of the earth, did she cease to revolve! (If she ceased. . .).
Что стало бы с землей, если бы она перестала вращаться?

Примечание 1. Последний случай инверсии с появлением вспомогательного did встречается очень редко.
Примечание 2. Бессоюзные условные предложения I типа могут начинаться только с глагола should; II типа -- с should, could, were; III типа -- с had+причастие II.

     В условных предложениях употребляются сочетания в значении "если бы не":
if it were not for (II тип), if it had not been for (III тип).
     Такие сочетания часто употребляются в бессоюзных предложениях с инверсией:
were it not for, had it not been for.

Were it not for his arrival, we should go to the theatre.
Если бы не его приезд, мы бы пошли в театр.

      Сочетание "but for" тоже имеет значение "если бы не":

But for your help, I should not have finished my work.
Если бы не ваша помощь, я бы не окончил работу.

(Здесь вместо условного придаточного стоит сочетание "but for+существительное или местоимение").


Упражнение

Переведите.

1. Should the train be late, don't wait at the station.
2. All this, were it to happen to me now, would seem perfectly natural and normal.
3. Had these facts been fully appreciated by the Allied Generals at the time the war would have taken a different course.
4. But for the labours taken by the compilers of this voluminous work, we could have no idea of the scope and extent of these law books of ancient Iran.
5. It is possible that had Keats lived longer he might have been a greater poet than Shelley, for his poems show a great progress from the earlier to the later.
6. Had the author concentrated upon a single aspect of his subject, his study would have proved easier to read.
7. This information would have been highly satisfactory, had it not been for that hitch about the time.

4. УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ И ПЕРЕВОД ГЛАГОЛА SHOULD

     Should с 1-м л. ед. и мн. числа и инфинитивом Indefinite употребляется как вспомогательный глагол относительного будущего (Future in the Past). В дополнительных придаточных предложениях после прошедшего времени в главном предложении сочетание "should+ инфинитив" переводится будущим временем:

I promised them that I should come on Monday.
Я обещал им, что приду в понедельник.

      Should с инфинитивами Indefinite и Perfect употребляется в 1-м л. ед. и мн. ч. в качестве вспомогательного глагола сложной формы сослагательного наклонения. Переводится сослагательным наклонением (прошедшее время+частица "бы"):

I should do it tomorrow.
Я бы сделал это завтра.

     Should с инфинитивами Indefinite и Perfect употребляется во всех лицах как вспомогательный глагол сложной формы сослагательного наклонения. В таком случае should самостоятельного значения не имеет и в сочетании с инфинитивом переводится русской формой сослагательного наклонения:

Не demanded that the letter should be posted immediately.
Он потребовал, чтобы письмо было отослано немедленно.

      Should с инфинитивами Indefinite и Perfect употребляется как модальный глагол со значением долженствования и переводится "следует, должен" (если после него стоит Infinitive Indefinite) и "следовало бы, должен был бы" (если за ним идет Infinitive Perfect):

Не should be more attentive.
Ему следует быть более внимательным.

Не should have been more attentive.
Ему следовало бы быть более внимательным.

Сочетание "should like+инфинитив" переводится "хотел бы", "хотелось бы":

I should like to speak to him.
Мне бы хотелось поговорить с ним.

Упражнения

1. Переведите. Определите функцию глагола should.

1. We did not know that we should be asked to take part in the Conference.
2. One should be conscious of one's faults.
3. Should she ask you for my address, give it to her.
4. I know I should have done it long ago.
5. Why should you stay here all day long?
6. We are of an opinion that he should leave Leningrad for good.
7. You shouldn't have said so!
8. I told him that I should let him know the date of the examination.
9. If I were you, I shouldn't speak about it at all.
10. You should have come earlier, the lesson is over now.
11. It's a lucky coincidence that she should come here today.
12. Is it absolutely necessary that you should stay here so late?
13. One should think before one speaks.
14. We hoped that we should come in time.

2. Переведите. Определите функцию глагола should.

1. Since these two sounds differ only in the fact that one employs voice while the other is merely a whispered or breathed sound, it does not seem very strange that they should have been thus represented by the same character.
2. His irritable demand that he should be left alone was quite characteristic of him.
3. Room had however been found for him, should he want it.
4. In considering some of the problems peculiar to the portraiture, it should be remembered that the idea of resemblance is not always the same for the artist and for the layman.
5. All community and labour organizations should support the teachers in their effort to obtain their rights.
6. It is natural that words of Scandinavian origin should be plentiful in the areas covered by the Danelaw(7), and such words are most common in the North and the East Midlands.
7. Yet, amid these many references to the classical tongues, it should not be forgotten that the language under discussion is English, and that English is spoken by about two hundred and twenty five million people, of whom only fifty million live in Britain.
8. The student of Japanese history, in any of its branches, should note well the two dates which stand at the head of this chapter.
9. There is a certain difficulty in deciding whether many Greek words should be described as coming directly, or through Latin. 10. Should a case arise which cannot be settled by village authorities, the aggrieved person may petition the Wali for permission to sue.

(7) Danelaw ['delnlo:] -- области о-ва Британия, завоеванные датчанами в IX--X вв., и законы, установленные в них.

5. УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ И ПЕРЕВОД ГЛАГОЛА WOULD

     Would со 2-м и 3-м л. ед. и мн. ч. употребляется как вспомогательный глагол относительного будущего (Future in the Past) в дополнительных придаточных предложениях после прошедшего времени в главном предложении. Сочетание "would+инфинитив" в этом случае переводится будущим временем:

Не promised us that he would come soon.
Он обещал, что он скоро придет.

     Would с инфинитивами Indefinite и Perfect употребляется во 2-м и 3-м л. ед. и мн. ч. в качестве вспомогательного глагола сложной формы сослагательного наклонения. Переводится сослагательным наклонением (прошедшее время+частица "бы"):

It would be very convenient for us.
Это было бы очень удобно для нас.

     Would со всеми лицами употребляется как модальный глагол со значением желания, или (с отрицанием) нежелания совершить действие:

I wanted to send for a doctor, but he wouldn't hear of it.
Я хотел послать за доктором, но он об этом и слышать не хотел.

     Would со всеми лицами употребляется для выражения обычного или повторного действия в прошлом:

They would leave the camp at dawn.
Они обычно уходили из лагеря на рассвете.

Would+инфинитив со 2-м л. употребляется при вежливом обращении:

Would you tell me the time?
He скажете ли вы мне, который час?

Сочетание "would like" переводится "хотел бы":

They would like to see you.
Они хотели бы повидать вас.


Упражнения

1. Переведите.

1. Would you mind if I shut the window?
2. I did not know who would be my neighbour.
3. Would you like to have one of these pictures?
4. She was in a hurry and would not hear of staying with us a little longer.
5. He told me he would be glad to help us.
6. Would you lend me your pen for a minute?
7. They would have gone there, too, if they had had tickets.
8. The man would be sitting there all day long, probably dreaming.
9. It would be better to read this book in the original.
10. He would be sorry if you did not let him know.
11. Why do we have dialects? Wouldn't it be simpler if everyone spoke alike?

2. Переведите. Определите функцию глагола would.

1. There was no one who would not be sorry to hear of what had happened.
2. If a complete list were prepared of the dates at which words were created or borrowed, a picture of the slow and unceasing development of our civilization would be unrolled.
3. It would be splendid for an archaeologist to work there, in a town so fantastically rich in antiquities and prehistoric culture.
4. There was, however, little understanding of land warfare among the nation at large(8); most people thought that one battle would decide the issue.
5. She would not listen to his enthusiastic accounts of his experiences in Italy.
6. Few people nowadays would deny these well-established facts.
7. If Leonardo's life were not so completely documented, I have no doubt that theorists would have attempted to prove that he was not one person but two, and that the hand that painted the Gioconda was not the same that wrote the Note-books.
8. On the morning, following the bride's transfer to her new home the boy's family would send gifts of ceremonial food to the home of the girl.
9. It was intended that the actual responsibility of leading the troops to the east would fall on two military commanders, Lupinius and Sintula.
10. The mother asked her son not to go swimming alone, but he would not listen to her.
11. He would take no money in exchange for his hospitality, and he bade me come to him should I ever be in those places again.
12. For many years it appeared as though the English language would be superseded by the language of the conquerors.
13. If one were to take the trouble to count up all the words in the dictionaries, one would reach a total running into six figures -- the hundreds of thousands.

(8) at large -- здесь: в целом,

6. УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ И ПЕРЕВОД ГЛАГОЛОВ MAY, MIGHT, COULD

     Глаголы may и might в качестве модальных были рассмотрены выше, в разделе "Инфинитив и инфинитивные обороты"
     В случае употребления may и might в качестве вспомогательных глаголов сложной формы сослагательного наклонения они обычно не переводятся.

     В уступительных придаточных предложениях:

However difficult this book may be from the point of view of the language, you are to read it.
Как ни трудна эта книга с точки зрения языка, вы должны читать ее.

Don't contradict him, whatever he may say.
He противоречьте ему, чтобы он ни сказал.

     В придаточных предложениях цели:

Try to speak clearly, so that you may be understood better.
Старайтесь говорить ясно, чтобы вас лучше поняли.


     Глаголы might, could в сослагательном наклонении в значении возможности употребляются:

     в простых предложениях:

This rule might be applied here.
Это правило можно было бы применить здесь.

     в определительных придаточных предложениях

I can give you some materials that might be helpful in your work.
Я могу дать вам некоторые материалы, которые могли бы быть полезны в вашей работе.


Упражнения

1. Переведите.

1. Не could do this, if he tried.
2.The letter said that the materials might be used by us.
3.There was no rope whereby the boat might be tied to the river's bank.
4.He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.
5.He drew the plan of the building more skillfully than any one else could have done it.
6.Could I but see that thing myself, I would believe in its existence.
7.He had come here that he might help me to finish the task.
8.Whatever may happen, we must accomplish this task in time.
9.You may have noticed it before.
10.The work could not have been done during such a short period.
11.The book may have been left here by some of our students.
12.I have some documents here that might be of some interest to you.
13.He tried to behave as if nothing had happened, so that nobody might notice the change.
14.I couldn't have been seen at the Institute on that day for the simple reason that I wasn't there.
15.There were too many details in his work which he couldn't have foreseen.
16.He may have been the author of this play.

2. Переведите.

1. The cave deposits contain two standardized tools in enormous quantities. Both could be used as knives and scrapers.
2. Later, when writing came into more extensive use, some material was needed on which writing could be done easily and conveniently.
3. Lest the sound of the filming mechanism might be heard, he had simulated a little refreshment and had sung during the critical period.
4. Japan's large population could not have been self- supporting for so long had soil and climate not been favourable.
5. One of the greatest merits of Bacon's prose is his short sentences, in which respect he may have been influenced by his study of Montaigne.
6. Language enters all human activities and few, if any, of them could be carried on without language.
7. This authoritative knowledge of Hittite (language) could not have come about if the deciphering scholars had not been linguists who had slowly and carefully ascertained by scholarly methods, with profound respect for the text as a text, the exact words and grammar, conceiving this as their paramount duty.
8. This author, Koj'iina by name, may have utilized materials collected in the manner just described.
9. Alfred the Great himself, when over forty years of age, learned the Latin tongue in order that he might translate into English works which he thought would be of benefit to his people.
10. A man isolated from childhood in a confined space, for instance, might have as good a brain as anyone else, but he would have very little to think about, and his ideas and the range of his ideas would be very limited.
11. Especially if the period of separate development (of languages) is long, many of the features which were introduced during the earlier stage may have ceased to be reflected in the modern languages.

Повторение сослагательного наклонения

Переведите.

1. It is a pleasant task to thank the many grammarians and friends without whose help my book would have been even less perfect than it is.
2. The record of events can be established, be it one day or one century later.
3. The sheets of papyrus which were thus made were somewhat rough, and even after they had been rubbed to make them as smooth as possible, they would have seemed to us poor material on which to write.
4. It is not surprising, therefore, that we should find a sharp contrast in style and outlook between Maugham's early and late works.
5. To define those forces and to indicate the directions in which they operate would require an exhaustive comparison between Oriental and Occidental states of mind, religious and social structures, that would be out of place in this book.
6. He set out on his journey, well knowing that the law allowed no pardon for a second offence of this kind, and whatever he might plead in his defence he would not be released.
7. The same day Peter the Great decreed that Demby (9) be instructed in Russian and, having learned Russian, be assigned several young people to teach them both spoken and written Japanese.
8. As I heard the waves rushing along the sides of the ship and roaring in my very ear, it seemed as if Death were raging round this floating prison seeking for his prey.
9. Chinese word order demands that the defining word precede the defined, and as the former conveys the more specific meaning, this principle may lie behind the rule of stress on the former part of the compounds.
10. I wish it were possible to invent a method of embalming persons in such a manner, that they may be recalled to life at any period.
11. In the 17th century few English writers would have quarrelled with a materialist view of life, though their view of materialism would not have been the same as that of Marx and Engels.
12. Be this as it may, the author here combined the serfdom period with the characters of an epoch which had not only discarded serfdom, but was busy introducing all sorts of other reforms too.
13. The reader is invited to see the novelist's picture of life as though it were actually happening in the real world.
14. There is also a difficulty to be experienced when special collections (of books in a library) must be kept together. Donors sometimes stipulate that collections may not be broken up, and if these are included in the general catalogue, they can be made available to a wide circle of readers.
15. Two embassies from feudal lords were sent to Rome, and for a time it seemed as though Japan were about to become a Christian country.
16. You can recognize a hand-axe by its form alone, whether it be made in flint, quartzite, basault or shale.
17. Why should poets have invented a shape called the sonnet? Why should the ear have to be tickled with an elaborate system of rhymes?
18. The chief promptly ordered that a gift of food should be made to every crusading soldier.
19. The further progress demands that these idealistic theories should be shown up, refuted, discredited.
20. Etiquette (among the natives) demanded that the guests should take their places on stones round the oven.

(9) Demby -- имя потерпевшего кораблекрушение японца, попавшего в Россию.

Повторение условных предложений

Переведите, учитывая все особенности условных предложений.

1. The intervention might have had some chance of success had it been aimed at some isolated groups unsupported by the nation.
2. The author here would in all probability have been more successful if he had put his stories into the form of the novel.
3. If we were to tie ourselves down to only those words that the Anglo-Saxons used, our vocabulary would be poor indeed.
4. The scientists who know better than anyone else what biological weapons will do should they be used in war must resolutely demand their prohibition.
5. There were no voluminous writers. It was not the custom to publish the poems of individual authors separately. Had it been so, very thin volumes would have been the result.
6. Would things have been very different in the end, or very much worse, if the Scandinavians had extended their power up to the borders of Cornwall and Wales in the ninth century, as they did in the eleventh under Canute?
7. The Censor would never have allowed the play to be produced had it not been for the revolution of 1830.
8. Bernard Shaw is often regarded as a disciple of Ibsen whose work would have been altogether different in character, or might not have existed at all, if Ibsen had not led the way.
9. If it were not for this particular complexity, I should not have considered it necessary to preface a history of art with a philosophy of art.
10. Had Livius tried to deny Nero his share in the triumph, Nero's supporters would have tilted the balance against Livius.
11. His poems show great promise; and had he not died at the age of eighteen, it has been thought that he would have been the founder of the new Romantic school of poetry which Coleridge introduced some years later.
12. If a complete list were prepared of the dates at which words were created or borrowed, a picture of the slow and increasing development of our civilization would be unrolled.
13. But these two elements alone could never have produced the Coptic style had not the realist Syrian element also exercised its influence.
14. It may be that Goethe would have left the novel unfinished if he had not conceived an entirely new idea that might give his novel a depth and importance which his original plan had not allowed.

15. In these circumstances, if the city were to be closely besieged, there was an excellent chance that the peace party would gain the upperhand and surrender the city to the Romans, especially if they could be led to believe that Scipio and the Romans would spare Carthage (10) once they had it completely at their mercy.
16. The necessity of thus illustrating Burns' writings was always becoming more and more pressing, as the time of their composition was receding; and it cannot be doubted that in a few more years, when this necessity would become extreme, the possibility of executing the task in a satisfactory manner would have been decided in the negative.
17. The movement would have remained ineffective had it not found an army in the recently developed class of industrial workmen.
18. If you could come back to life two hundred years from now, you would find not only the world and its activities transformed, but also its languages. Among them would be an English language that you would be able to recognize and understand in part, but many of whose words and expressions would be completely strange and mysterious to you until they were explained just as television would be strange to Shakespeare if he were to come back to life today.
19. Had intercourse with Europeans been once fairly established, it were a reasonable presumption that we should have found at least a glass bead, or an instrument of some sort indicative of the fact, especially when we bear in mind that it would be just in such places, where the savages collected around their fires to cook and eat, that such objects might be expected to be broken or lost.
20. Should you deliberately set about trying to "make" the language? I would hardly advise it. People who try too hard often set themselves apart from others and get laughed at. On the other hand, if you should happen to come out with something that other people seem to like, don't be too ashamed of it.
21. The preceding examples, especially the extensions that have had to be given to the "object", should be enough to convince the most hardened sceptic, even if there were no other idioms, that it is impossible to explain the structure of English on principles derived from other languages.
22. Sometimes the girl would accept her suitor only on condition that they live with her parents.
23. It has already been pointed out that parallel to the growth in the number and variety of the meanings which many words possess, and that, were it not for this economical device, the vocabulary of Modern English, enormous as it is, would be several times as great. If we were to consider the changes of meaning that have occurred along with the introduction of new terms, the imperfect picture which the mere growth of vocabulary presents would be coloured and shadowed, so that a complete representation of the development of English thought would be provided.

(10) Carthage [ka:reidg] -- Карфаген. 150