ЭМФАТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ



1. ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ ЧЛЕНОВ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ПРИ ПРЯМОМ ПОРЯДКЕ СЛОВ

Выделение сказуемого (эмфатическое "do").

     Для усиления утверждения, выражаемого сказуемым во временах Present и Past Indefinite, употребляется вспомогательный глагол to do, который в соответствующем времени, лице и числе ставится непосредственно перед смысловым глаголом, употребляемым в форме инфинитива без частицы to. Усиление передается на русский язык словами "действительно", "все-таки", "на самом деле":

Не said he would come and he did come.
Он сказал, что придет, и действительно пришел.

Now I see that she does know the subject well.
Теперь я вижу, что она действительно знает предмет хорошо.

We do not know very much of this author. But we do know that all the three poems were written by him.
Мы не очень много знаем об этом писателе. Но мы все-таки знаем, что все три стихотворения были написаны им.

Примечание. Ударение в предложении падает в таких случаях на глагол to do. В сложных временах подобного рода усиление осуществляется интонацией -- перенесением ударения на вспомогательный глагол:
Не has written this work.
Он же написал эту работу (Он действительно написал эту работу).

Упражнение

Переведите, как можно точнее передавая значение усилительного "do".

1. Materialism does not deny the reality of mind. What materialism does deny is that a thing called "the mind" exists separate from the body.
2. Certainly a great deal of new English poetry does meet with indifference because it seems private and incomprehensible.
3. While we have no language Academy for English, we do have something that partly serves the purpose, and that something is the dictionary.
4. The one thing, though, which must be set to her credit, is that she did initiate. She followed no one, but introduced what was actually a new type of novel.(1)
5. These old manuscripts are not so easy to read as our modern books, for the reason that there are no spaces between words. The later manuscripts however, do sometimes have spaces between the words just as we have.
6. He (Maugham) does, however, belong of right to that small and select company of contemporary writers whose best work, we may reasonably assume, will survive beyond their lifetime.
7. What possibilities and potentialities in politics, arts, sciences, vanished among the shell holes and barbed wire, we shall never know. But consequences of this war we do know, and we cannot ignore them.
8. It is perhaps necessary to remind the reader that there is a nucleus of fact hidden among all this fictitious embroidery. Kublai Khan did send a large fleet against Japan about the time stated, which met with a fate similar to that of Spanish Armade.

(1) Речь идет о Шарлотте Бронте (1816--1855), английской писательнице, авторе "Джен Эйр"

Двойное отрицание.

      Отрицание not, употребляемое перед прилагательным или наречием с отрицательными приставками un-, in- (il-, im-, ir-) dis-, имеет усилительное значение, и все сочетание обычно соответствует русскому "вполне, весьма, довольно + прилагательное (наречие)"; например:

not uncommon - довольно обычный,
not infrequently - довольно часто,
not impossible - весьма возможно.

      В некоторых случаях возможен также и перевод "не. . . не" ("не кажется неизбежным").
Подобное же значение имеет сочетание "not + without + существительное":

It is not without significance that . . .
Также весьма важно, что. . .

     Отрицание not может сочетаться с прилагательным (причастием или наречием) отрицательного значения, не имеющим отрицательной приставки. Переводится так же, как в первом случае:

Humour is not missing in his work.
Юмора вполне достаточно в его произведении (Его произведение [написано] не без юмора).

     Сочетание "by no means + отрицательная приставка + прилагательное (наречие)" в целом имеет значение "вовсе не. . . совсем не. . .", но в каждом случае переводится в зависимости от общего стиля предложения:

It is by no means unreasonable to compare these data.
Вполне разумно сопоставить эти данные.


Упражнение

Прочтите предложения. Переведите отрицательную форму прилагательного (наречия, причастия) без отрицания. Найдите наиболее подходящий способ перевода.

1. The total number of German words in English is not inconsiderable.
2. To find a poet who is also a literary critic is not unusual nowadays.
3. Not infrequently the primary meaning (of a word) dies away and the derivative meaning remains.
4. To group these artists into schools is a little pedantic. . Yet it is not unreasonable to group together the painters who worked chiefly in Florence.
5. The changes of sound here are not irregular.
6. Not dissimilar effects are found in painting.
7. It is not without significance, also, that this work was utilized as a basis for the libretto of a popular opera.
8. These scholars then carried the New Learning (The Renaissance) to all parts of Europe, and the learned men of England were by no means unrepresented among them.
9. These two volumes were savagely, but not unfairly, criticized.
10. None of the long poems are uninteresting, and very few are insignificant or unsuccessful.
11. Kitchener (2) whose arrogance was not dissimilar to Curson's (3) was not prepared to tolerate a situation in which his proposals were criticized from the military point of view by the military member of Council.
12. The scenes and characters themselves are depicted most graphically, often even dramatically, and humour is not wanting where it is suitable.
13. If in historical times people were relatively safe from the assaults of enemies and from robbery, they feared dangers of other kinds which threatened them and their houses. Belief in magic and witchcraft is primeval and was not lacking even in the classical age of Greece.

(2) Kitchener -- Китченер, главнокомандующий британскими войсками в Индии (1904).
(3) Curson -- Керзон, вице-король Индии.

Выделение подлежащего, прямого и косвенного дополнений и обстоятельств
(эмфатическая конструкция "it is ... that, which, who, whom").

      Сочетание "it is ... that" употребляется для выделения одного из членов предложения. Выделяемый член предложения ставится между двумя частями конструкции, которая по форме представляет собой сложноподчиненное предложение. Конструкция "it is ... that" на русский язык не переводится, она лишь указывает границы выделяемой части предложения. В русском языке таким предложениям соответствует простое предложение, в котором перед выделяемым членом добавляются усилительные слова "именно", "как раз", "только" (чаще при выделении обстоятельства времени), "лишь"; в предложениях с отрицанием - "вовсе не", "совсем не":

It is language that enables us to communicate with each other.
Именно язык дает нам возможность общаться друг с другом. (Выделение подлежащего).

It was then that the London Bridge began to be rebuilt.
Именно тогда начали перестраивать Лондонский мост. (Выделение обстоятельства времени).

It is Greek that she wants to study.
Она хочет изучать именно греческий (язык). (Выделение прямого дополнения).

But it is not the Doctor who is the central figure of the play.
Вовсе (совсем) не доктор является центральным действующим лицом в пьесе. (Конструкция с отрицательной формой глагола).

It is when men begin to use tools for social production that they also begin to speak.
Именно тогда, когда люди начинают применять орудия для общественного производства, они также начинают говорить. (Выделение придаточного обстоятельственного предложения).

Примечание. В том случае если после эмфатического it is ... стоит слово only или другое усилительное слово, то оно употребляется вместо "именно" при переводе всего предложения:

It was only with the help of a small lantern that we managed to find the box.
Только с помощью фонарика нам удалось отыскать ящик.

Упражнение

Найдите выделяемый член предложения. Переведите предложения, подбирая наиболее подходящие усилительные слова.

1. Of the countries of Western Europe, it is France that has the greatest number of human fossils.
2. It is no doubt to this quality that the great popularity of this collection is due.
3. It was only through treachery that the Turks had taken Antioch in 1085.
4. It was during the reign of the same Emperor that the Bulgars, who in later days played so important a part in Byzantine history, first established themselves in the Balkans.
5. Schools flourished in monasteries connected with York, Yarrow and Whitby, and it is to these that the literature about to be described owes its origin.
6. But, after all, it is not by means of any tricks or devices that, the remarkable effect of Milton's verse is produced: that surely is due to the genius of the author whose mind and soul were full of music and harmony.
7. All the extensions of human control over external nature have been due to improvement in tools. For it is mainly with the aid of tools that men can act upon and alter the material world around them.
8. In 1681 John Dryden wrote his four celebrated Satyres, which brought him into still greater prominence in society and at Court. It is largely on these that his fame as a poet now rests.
9. It was only with the beginning of that literary movement which we call Romanticism that men of letters, artists and scholars began to turn their attention seriously to the investigation of regional dialects.
10. However it is with Leonardo the painter and sculptor that this book is concerned, and though from his paintings one can guess at a massive intellect one could hardly deduce the empirical scientist and inventor.
11. It was to Lyme Regis, the delightful little seaport and bathing beach, where we made a brief stop on our way to Exeter, that Charles II came after the battle of Worcester when he planned to escape from England.

Выделение обстоятельств и обстоятельственных временных придаточных предложений
(эмфатическая конструкция "it is not until . . . that").

     Подобно конструкции "it is. . . that" сочетание "it is not until (till) . . . that" лишь показывает границы выделяемого обстоятельства, но не переводится на русский язык. Все предложение переводится с добавлением усилительных слов.
     В том случае, когда until представляет собой предлог и относится к обстоятельству, добавляются усилительные слова "лишь", "только":

It was not until midnight that the vessel started.
Судно отправилось только в полночь.

В том случае, когда слово until является союзом и между двумя частями конструкции заключено целое придаточное предложение, добавляются слова "только тогда, когда":

It was not until his book was published for the second time that it became more widely known.
Только тогда, когда его книга была издана во второй раз, она стала более широко известна.

Упражнение

Переведите предложения, предварительно определив, в каких случаях слово until представляет собой предлог, а в каких -- союз.

1. Actually, however, it is not until the other person begins to speak that you can form a very definite idea of his personality and his character.
2. It was not until 1846, when "Vanity Fair" (4) began to appear, that Thackeray attained any eminence.
3. It was not until the end of the seventeenth century that France began to produce an art that, instead of echoing the faded amour of Italy, reflected the lively if equally artificial life of Versailles.
4. It was not till impressionism turned its attention to the nature of light and especially to the colour of shadow that painters evolved a new way of seeing.
5. Although it is impossible to be quite certain of the changes that English words are now undergoing -- for in general it is not until a change is an accomplished fact that it becomes perceptible -- changes which have occured in the past throw a strong light upon changes which must be now taking place.
6. It was not till a century and a half had passed after the Claudian conquest that the Emperor Severus marked the final limit of the northern frontier by renovating (210 A. D.) the wall that Hadrian had erected'(123 A. D.).(5)
7. It was not until seven years had passed since the manuscripts had come into these scientists' hands that they published them with the introduction translated into English.

4)"Vanity Fair" -- "Ярмарка тщеславия", известный роман Тэккерея.
(5) Claudian. Severus, Hadrian -- римские императоры Клавдий, Север, Адриан. Император Адриан в период завоевания о-ва Британии построил стену в 80 миль между Шотландией и Англией.


Эмфатическое сочетание "not . . . till (until)".

      Сочетание not, входящего в состав сказуемого, и слова till (until), стоящего перед обстоятельством времени, переводится сказуемым в утвердительной форме и словами "только", "лишь" перед обстоятельством:

The work was not finished till 8 o'clock.
Работа была закончена только в 8 часов.

     Сочетание " not + until (till) + after" переводится -- "только после":

His work was not published until after the October Revolution.
Его работа была опубликована только после Октябрьской революции.


Упражнение.

Переведите.

1. The first part of this work did not come out until 1940.
2. Cotton was not introduced (to Japan) from China until later and wool was unknown.
3."Utopia" 6 was written in Latin about 1516, and it was not translated till 1551, some years after More's death.
4. Tennyson's last work, "Death of Oenone", was not published until after his death on October 6th 1892.
5. In England ancient fields indicate that no plough was used till late in the local bronze age, about 800 В. С., and then at first only in the south.
6. Silver and lead were known in Hither Asia before 3000 В. С., but neither was used in Britain till after 500, though Britain is well supplied with lead ores.

2. ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ ЧЛЕНОВ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ПРИ ОБРАТНОМ ПОРЯДКЕ СЛОВ

Выделение членов предложения с помощью усилительных, ограничительных и отрицательных слов.

      При усилении и подчеркивании значения второстепенного члена предложения (обычно обстоятельства) выделяемый член предложения вместе с предшествующим ему усилительным словом выносится вперед и ставится перед подлежащим, что влечет за собой инверсию сказуемого:

They will realize the importance of his work only in the course of time.
"Utopia" -- "Утопия" -- сочинение Томаса Мора (1480--1535).

Здесь обычный порядок слов: подлежащее, сказуемое дополнение, обстоятельство. Но:

Only in the course of time will they realize the importance of his work.
Только со временем они поймут важность его работы.

Здесь инверсия: усилительное слово, обстоятельство, 1-я часть сказуемого, подлежащее, 2-я часть сказуемого, дополнение.

Основные усилительные и ограничительные слова, могущие вызывать инверсию сказуемого:

7) no sooner . . . than и hardly . . . when могут употребляться и при сохранении прямого порядка слов.


Отрицательные слова, могущие вызвать инверсию сказуемого:

      В следующих примерах сказуемое состоит из двух или трех частей, причем первая часть сказуемого стоит перед подлежащим, а вторая -- после него.

Only in two cases can we find a similar construction.
Только в двух случаях мы находим подобную конструкцию.

Only from this point of view is it possible to approach the problem.
Только с этой точки зрения возможно подойти к этой проблеме.

Only tomorrow will they receive our telegram.
Только завтра они получат нашу телеграмму.

     В том случае если сказуемое выражено одним смысловым глаголом (т. е. если этот глагол стоит в Present или Past Indefinite), а выделение обстоятельства требует инверсии сказуемого, то на место первой части сказуемого (перед подлежащим) ставится вспомогательный глагол to do в соответствующем времени, лице и числе; ср., например:

We find a slight difference between the two forms only in one case.
Мы находим небольшое различие между обеими формами только в одном случае.

Но:
Only in one case do we find a slight difference between the two forms.

     Вспомогательное "do", употребляемое при инверсии сказуемого, не переводится на русский язык:

Only in one paper did we find confirmation of our theory.
Только в одной работе мы нашли подтверждение нашей теории.

Примечание. Если таким способом выделяется целое придаточное обстоятельственное предложение, то инверсия наблюдается в главном предложении:

Only after the proofs had been corrected did he leave the publishing-house .
Только после того как корректура была исправлена, он ушел из издательства.



Перевод предложений с эмфатическим "so" и "nor".

     Кроме инверсии здесь может происходить полная или частичная замена сказуемого заместителем глагола. So в таких случаях переводится "тоже, также", nor -- "а также . . . не". Функцию заместителя выполняют вспомогательные глаголы to do, to be и др.

Не is very busy now, and so are both his friends.
Он очень занят сейчас, и оба его друга тоже.

He knows three foreign languages, and so does his sister.
Он знает три иностранных языка, и его сестра также.


Упражнение

Переведите предложения, предварительно отыскав обе части сказуемого, перемещенные из-за инверсии.

1. In architectural unity Chekhov surpasses all Russian writers of the Realistic age. Only in Pushkin and Lermontov do we find an equal or superior gift of design.
2. Not only has this custom many parallels in modern times, but it can be demonstrated that it has survived in Greece since antiquity.
3. In no department of literature was so great an advance made during this period as in prose.
4. News about Japan reached Russia relatively late. Not until the seventeenth century do we find mention of Japan in Russian sources.
5. Not only did they edit and print textbooks on Confucianism, but they compiled books for popular education.
6. Only in 1733 did justice triumph when a new investigation was launched and both villains were hanged.
7. Nor can the author resist the temptation of bestowing on the reader tedious displays of his erudition, or of introducing foreign or obsolete words.
8. Prosper Merimee may at first sight seem to be completely outside the Romantic movement, for neither as a man AOL as a writer does he share any of its obvious and flamboyant characteristics.
9. Naturally, Hamlet is bitter against such a trimmer as Polonius. Nor could there, apart from reasons for direct resentment, be any community of feeling between the types so antagonistic.
10. The "forts" were not works of defence either strategic or social. Nor were they sacrificed places: they were something special. They were economic units, enclosed villages.
11. Hardly had the Turks taken possession of Tarsus (a city), when three thousand Normans arrived before the city, having come from the main army to reinforce Tancred.
12. The king of Dahomei himself was subject to (8) the prohibition of beholding the sea, and so were the kings of Loango and Great Ardra in Guinea.
13. Only after 1500 В. С. do bronze sickles begin to figure in Egyptian pictures or European hords.
14. In no part of the world, perhaps, are the inhabitants better fishermen.
15. Only occasionally do human bones found in these tumuli indicate the action of fire.
16. The dust had hardly settled over the battlefields of the world, when newspapers began to carry reports of a sensational new discovery in the field of biblical (9) archaeology.
17. No sooner, however, had his mother discovered that her son had found through imaginative play a method of stimulating his mind, than she put an end to the fairy tales.
18. The negotiations had barely been resumed, when sudden disaster overtook both sides. In the forenoon of December 23, an earthquake shook the area and a great tidal wave deluged the coast.
19. Agricultural tasks succeed each other in due order because they are bound up with the seasons, and so also do the rites and ceremonies which are connected with the tasks of sowing, reaping, threshing, gardening, and fruit gathering.
20. The two words are not enough alike in sound to cause their confusion, nor do their written symbols look alike enough.
21. Not only have her inland position and her relation to the Asiatic mainland influenced Japan greatly, but the characteristics of the land itself have been important.
22. Other examples of sound language not based on speech are the Army bugle calls, each one of which has a different meaning which the soldiers must learn. Nor should we forget our conventional way of indicating approval by clapping the hands and disapproval by hissing.

(8) to be subject to -- быть подверженным; здесь: подлежать запрету (табу).
(9) Здесь имеются в виду находки Кумранских рукописей (II в. до н. э.--I в. н. э.), так называемые находки у Мертвого моря

Вынесение причастия из состава сказуемого на первое место в предложении.

       При повествовательном стиле речи, в случае особого подчеркивания обстоятельств совершения действия, причастие (или прилагательное), входящее в состав сказуемого, выносится на первое место в предложении. Перевод в таких случаях следует начинать с обстоятельства (или дополнения), которое стоит после причастия, затем переводится сказуемое и, наконец, подлежащее сравните:

Упражнение

Переведите предложения, предварительно отыскав обе части сказуемого.

1. Standing on the threshold and smiling was Ann, safe and sound.
2. Connected with these ballads is still a larger group of miscellaneous romances of adventure.
3. Left behind are two small islands, treeless bits of volcanic soil.
4. Developing alongside these schools was a third group, the monastic, which owed less to the spirit of the Renaissance, and more to the old art of the East.
5. An equally interesting hunting scene is that painted in the neighbouring cave. The two stags are pictured here in full flight. Running at the top speed after the two animals is their pursuer - a hunter armed with his bow.
6. Less general than these principles, but yet closely connected with universal modes of thought, are the various functions of words, which we call the parts of speech.
7. This is the most important problem since linked with it is the question of the relations between language and thought.
8. Allied to these classes is a group of words which have been shortened owing to misapprehension, whereas the foregoing have been shortened for the sake of brevity.

Причастия (и прилагательные) в составе сказуемого, вынесенные на первое место, и причастия в функции определения, обстоятельства и вводного члена предложения

Переведите, предварительно определив функцию причастия.

1. Cut in the rock on the face of a great cliff in the eastern part of Persia, there was an inscription in three languages.
2. Look closely at the bare branches of a tree, on which not the palest gleam of green can be discerned. Yet, spaced along each branch are the leaf buds, safely preserved under the insulating layers.
3. Lying in the open Atlantic between Brazil and Africa, St. Paul's Rocks are an obstruction thrust up from the floor of the ocean into the midst of the Equatorial Current.
4. These animals could have been portrayed only when they were still living during the Glacial Epoch. Confirming this is the fact that representations of these animals have been found embedded in the hearth ashes and detritus associated with skeletal remains of animals of the same species.
5. Viewed in the right way, it is evident that the local "Stone Age" lasted in Central Russia up to the first millenium В. С.
6. Intermingled with these shells are found the bones of various animals.
7. In the midst of the most extraordinary abundance, here are men, women and children dying of starvation; and running alongside a splendid chariot are poor, forlorn, almost naked wretches.
8. Viewed from the standpoint of palaeonthology all this evidence is untenable.
9. Close to the famous Cave is the railway-station of Shell-Mound so called for an uncommonly large deposits of shells.
10. Simultaneous with this outburst of rhetoric was the school of Venetian painters, artists who delighted the rich travellers by producing views of Venetian life.
11. Meanwhile, nourished on the soil of Umbria to the south, another group of painters was maturing.

3. ЭМФАТИЧЕСКИЕ УСТУПИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

      Уступительные предложения с именной частью сказуемого, вынесенной вперед. В уступительном предложении этого типа на первом месте стоит именная часть сказуемого, выраженная прилагательным, причастием или наречием, за которой следует союз as или though. Все сочетание переводится "как (бы) ни. . . + именная часть сказуемого", "какой. . .ни", "хоть и . . .":

Important as this work is, it does not cover the problem on the whole.
Как ни важна эта работа, она не охватывает проблему в целом.

Harmful though it is for his health, he is not able to give up smoking.
Хоть это и вредно для его здоровья, он не может бросить курить.

Примечание. Глагол may (might), входящий иногда в состав сказуемого уступительных предложений, обычно не переводится:

Strange though it may seem, I did not think about it.
Как ни странно это покажется (может показаться), я не думал об этом.


Упражнение

Переведите следующие уступительные предложения.

1. Important as fishing was for the Eastern Islanders,10 it was never as vital to them as to the Tahitians.(10)
2. The following translations, inadequate as they are, may help to give some idea of the character of this poetry.
3. Strangely as it seems to us, the play is devoid of real action, for the above events are not shown on the stage.
4. But, great as have been the triumphs of these new methods, it should not be forgotten that everything is not said when the facts of a language are interpreted in the terms of linguistic history.
5. Inexperienced though they were in navigation, the two men safely reached that island in a small boat.
6. Excellent though it be from a literary standpoint, this book is yet a paradox; for it gives a most unexciting (but far from boring) account of a most exciting experience.
7. Little as he (Galsworthy) indulged in dialect, he occasionally admitted a certain satisfaction in this fact, and lived much of his working life in this country, and made it the scene of some narratives.

(10) Жители о-вов Пасхи и Таити


Уступительные предложения, начинающиеся с союзов.

     Если в начале уступительного предложения стоит союз however, после которого идет именная часть сказуемого, выраженная прилагательным, причастием или наречием, то перевод таких предложений следует начинать со слов "как ни. . .", "как бы ни. . .", "хоть и . . .":

However complicated the problem is, we are to solve it.
Как ни сложна эта задача, мы должны решить ее.

Уступительные предложения также могут начинаться следующими союзами:

however           - как (бы) ни; хоть и;

whoever           - кто (бы) ни; всякий, кто...;

whatever          - что (бы) ни; всё, что...;
                              какой (бы) ни; всякий, который...;

wherever          - где (бы) ни; всюду, где...;
                              куда (бы) ни; всюду, куда...;

whenever         - когда (бы) ни; всякий раз, когда...

Упражнение

Переведите следующие уступительные предложения.

1. Science teaches us inseparability of matter and motion. However static some things may seem to be, there is in them continual motion.
2. Whatever value may be attached to the work as history - it is probably biassed as regards the character of Richard - it is the work of a master of English prose.
3. According to idealism, however closely the mind may be connected with the body, it is nevertheless distinct and separable from the body.
4. Whatever the reason, there are few panels of early date in existence today which show really first-class work.
5. Most of this volume is taken up with dissertations on the principles of government, which, however necessary for a comprehension of the motives and ideas of Japanese statesmen of the old regime, are not very interesting to the European reader.
6. Whoever the authors may have been, their primary object was the promotion of piety.
7. This work, however valuable it may be for research into mythology, the manners, the language, and the legends of early Japan, is a very poor production, whether we consider it as a literature or as a record of facts.

Повторение эмфатических конструкций

Переведите.

1. In reciting a passage of a light and humorous character it is by no means unusual for a man with an average voice to have a range of intonation of over two octaves.
2. It is this very silence of the poet that makes the verse all the more eloquent.
3. Only in this last work does the author show what he might have done, had he used his genius rightly.
4. These plays were not high either in their humour or in literary worth, but they did represent a distinct advance towards regular drama.
5. It was not the classics themselves as much as the works of Italy and France above mentioned, which had so important an influence on the poets to be presently considered, particularly on Chaucer.
6. Fragmentary though our knowledge is of the total achievement of the Greek sculptors, we need have no doubt that from what does remain we can estimate quite accurately the full strength and weakness of Hellenistic sculpture at any point between its origins and its final decay.
7. The basis of man's social activity is labour. It is in and through labour that man first of all enlarges his perceptions and first of all begins to use his brain to think -- to form ideas and to communicate them, to develop thought and language.
8. In no wise (11) inferior in importance to the art stations of Southern France are those of Northern. Here, near Santillana del Mar is the cave of Altamira, which has been not unaptly termed "The Chapel of Palaeolithic Art".
9. However much the Emperor and the Crusader princes might quarrel over their ultimate rights and the distribution of conquests to come, there could be no dissension about the opening stages of the campaign against the infidel.
10. These novels are by no means forgotten at the present day, and might not improbably have a return of their popularity, which was at one time great.
11. It is as our perceptions increase with increased activity and social contacts that our ideas develop.
12. It is not merely in particular places that we find a beautiful effect; it is rather the continuous charm of his poetry, the sense of harmony that runs throughout that makes us feel his greatness.
13. Hunting by means of surprise in the case of sleeping or exhausted animals would also be practised -- a means in common use with the Bushmen, who have brought it to the height of perfection. Neither is it impossible that the use of lasso, throwing-stick and snare was known.
14. It also not infrequently happened that the people of this period chose the suitable pieces of broken clay vessels and ground them into knives.
15. However hard they may work and however much they may scrape and save, the non-possessors will remain poor, while the possessors grow rich on the fruits of their labour.
16. It was during the time when Latin was still spoken, however, that the first modifications had to be made in the alphabet.
17. And indeed, from these first beginnings, it has always been through their advancing Mastery over nature that succeeding generations of men have come to know more and more of the properties of natural objects: each stage of advance has meant enlarged perceptions, new discoveries, wider horizons.

(11) in no wise -- ни коим образом.