Preface
Part I. Biography of a scientist
     Text 1. Niels Bohr (1885 - 1962)
          Exercises
     Text 2. Charles Robert Darwin (1809 - 1882)
          Exercises
     Text 3. Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866 - 1945)
          Exercises
     Text 4. Frederic Hopkins
          Exercises
     Suplement

Part II. SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION
     Text 1. Carnegie institution of Washington
          Exercises
     Text 2. Laboratory for the human environment (JOHN B. Pierce Foundation)
          Exercises
     Text 3. Imperial college, London
          Exercises

Part III. SCIENTIFIC GATHERING
     Text 1. Twelfth international astronautical congress
          Exercises
     Text 2. Chemical warfare on plant pests and diseases
          Exercises
     Text 3. Fifth international congress of biochemistry
          Exercises

    Part IV. Discussing current professional literature
     Text 1. Modern science and technology
          Exercises
     Text 2. A history of the modern british chtmical industry
          Exercises
     Supplement

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

     Предлагаемое пособие предназначено для развития навыков устной речи в группах аспирантов и научных сотрудников, готовящихся к сдаче кандидатского экзамена по английскому языку и при работе в студенческих группах.
     Пособие представляет собой сборник текстов и упражнений к ним и состоит из четырех разделов: "Biography of a Scientist" (составитель Т. Н. Михельсон); "Scientific Institution" (составитель Н. В. Успенская); "Scientific Gathering" (составитель С. М. Костенко); "Discussing Current Professional Literature" (составитель И. Б. Борковская). Общее руководство работой над пособием осуществляла С. М. Костенко.
     Каждый раздел включает несколько оригинальных (неадаптированных, но сокращенных) текстов на данную тему. При их отборе авторы стремились к тому, чтобы каждый текст носил общенаучный характер, достаточно легко пересказывался и был насыщен лексикой, связанной с научной работой. Тексты пособия заимствованы из следующих источников: биографии ученых - из английских и американских энциклопедий; тексты раздела "Scientific Institution" - из американского путеводителя, журнала "Civil Engineering", а текст "Imperial College" - рассказ английского физика о своем колледже, записанный на магнитофон; тексты раздела "Scientific Gathering" взяты из журнала "Nature"; тексты последнего раздела - из журнала "Endeavour".
     Целью упражнений является развитие различных видов речевой деятельности (говорение, письменная речь, восприятие со слуха, перевод). Все упражнения можно подразделить на:
   а) упражнения на  проверку  понимания  текстового материала  учащимися, б) лексико-грамматические  упражнения, в) учебно-коммуникативные упражнения (их подавляющее большинство), г) упражнения на контроль усвоения материала (перевод с русского), д) упражнения (в виде небольших текстов) на развитие понимания английской речи на слух.
     Данное пособие выходит 2-м изданием (1-е изд. вышло в 1970 г.). Тексты оставлены без изменений, поскольку они представляют собой основу учебного материала, предназначенного для активного усвоения. Упражнения подверглись весьма значительной переработке. Подавляющее большинство тренировочных упражнений заменено условно-речевыми и речевыми упражнениями, что отвечает принципам современной коммуникативной методики.

Part I.

BIOGRAPHY OF A SCIENTIST


Text I
NIELS BOHR (1885-1962)

     Bohr is a Danish physicist, one of the most ingenious interpreters of his generation of the problems of modern theoretical physics. Born in Copenhagen on October 7, 1885, he did physics at the University of Copenhagen, obtaining his doctor's degree in 1911 and proceeded immediately to Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge for further study under Sir J. J. Thomson. In 1912 he moved to Manchester University, where he was associated with Ernest Rutherford in the latter's atomic research. In 1914, following a year as lecturer at the University of Copenhagen Bohr returned to Manchester, remaining there until 1916, when he was made professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen.
     In 1920, largely due to Bohr's efforts, the Institute of Theoretical Physics was established at Copenhagen. He became its first head and under him the Institute has become an important centre for the development of theoretical and experimental physics. Prior to World War II Bohr's Institute had become the world centre for atomic physics.
     Just before World War II, Bohr advanced the idea that the compound nucleus was fundamental to the phenomena of nuclear disintegration, a concept that proved fruitful in later work. In collaboration with John Archibald Wheeler he proposed a theory of nuclear fission that led to atomic research which produced the atomic bomb.
     In 1943, after the Nazis had occupied Denmark, Bohr escaped to England in a small boat. Making the way to the United States, he took a leading part in the atomic bomb project, working mainly at the laboratory established in early 1943 at Los Alamos in New Mexico. In 1944 -1945 Bohr served as adviser to the Scientific Staff of the Manhatten Project. In 1945 Bohr returned to Copenhagen to resume his duties as director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics.
     Bohr's great achievement was recognized internationally by the Nobel prize award to him in 1922 for his study of atomic structure and radiation. In 1957 he was of the Atoms for Peace award. That same year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he delivered his lecture on the Philosophical Lessons of Atomic Progress.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Read aloud the statements below and translate them into Russian paying special attention to the parts in italics.

1. Bohr is one of the most ingenious interpreters of his generation of the problems of modern theoretical physics. 2. He did physics at the University of Copenhagen, obtaining his doctor's degree in 1911. 3. He proceeded immediately to Cambridge for further studies under Thomson. 4. In 1912 he moved to Manchester University where he was associated with Rutherford in the latter's atomic research. 5. In 1914, following a year as lecturer at the University of Copenhagen, Bohr returned to Manchester. 6. In 1920, largely due to Bohr's efforts, the Institute of Theoretical Physics was established at Copenhagen. 7. Bohr became its first head and under him the Institute has become a world famous centre of research. 8. Bohr took a leading part in the atomic bomb project, working mainly at the laboratory established in early 1943. 9. In 1944 - 1945   Bohr served  as  adviser  to  the scientific staff  of the Manhattan project. 10. In 1945  Bohr  returned  to  Copenhagen to resume his duties as director of the Institute. 11. Bohr's great achievement was recognized internationally by the Nobel prize award to him. 12. In 1957 he was the first recipient of the Atoms for Peace Award. 13. That same year he delivered his lecture on the Philosophical Lessons of Atomic Progress.

Ex. 2. Answer the following questions using words and expressions from the text for those in italics.

     Model:
     1. Where did Bohr study physics?
     2. He did physics at the University of Copenhagen.

1. When did Bohr graduate, from the University? 2. Where did he go in 1912? 3. What idea did he put forward just before World War II? 4. Did he advance this idea alone or working together with Wheeler? 5. Did he participate in atomic research? 6. When did he come back to Copenhagen? 7. When did Bohr's contribution win him international recognition? 8. Was he the first to receive the Atoms for peace award? 9. When did he give his lecture on the Philosophical Lessons of Atomic Progress?

Ex. 3. Ask and answer questions about outstanding people in different fields of human activity. Use the indefinite article before nouns denoting profession. Here is the list of nouns and adjectives for you to choose from: architect, artist, composer, inventor, playwright, philosopher, poet, writer, scientist, archaeologist, astronomer, biologist, biochemist, botanist, chemist, historian, mathematician, philologist, physiologist, physicist; famous, world-famous, well-known, world-known, eminent, outstanding, prominent, distinguished, etc.

     Model:
     a) 1. Was Dalton a scientist?
          2. Yes, he was a distinguished scientist.
     b) 1. Was Hopkins a writer?
          2. No, he wasn't. He was an outstanding biochemist.

     Speak in the same way about Aristotle, Beethoven, Byron, Darwin, Dickens, Edison, Einstein, Faraday, Rossi, Levitan, Lobachevski, Mendeleyev, Newton, Pavlov, Rembrandt, Rutherford, B. Shaw, J. Grimm, Schlieman, Tchaikovski, Tolstoy and others.

Ex. 4. Agree with the following statements. Use: theoretical (experimental) physicist, postgraduate student, first (second, etc.) year student, researcher, lecturer etc.

     Model:
     1. As far as I know, Petrov is in his third fear at the University.
     2. Yes, you're right (that's right; exactly). He is a third year student.

1. It seems that your friend is in his second year at the University. 2. I've been told that your brother does experimental research in biology. 3. If I'm not mistaken, Popov did postgraduate research at your Institute. 4. To my mind, Dr. Brown is distinguished for his scientific research in theoretical physics. 5. For all I know, Dr. Ivanov gives lectures at the Polytechnical Institute. 6. I have recently learned that Peter is in his second year at the lnstitute of Electrical Engineering. 7. As far as I know, Dr. Somov does research in organic chemistry.

Ex. 5. Answer the following questions. Use the nouns: author, inventor, discoverer, founder.

     Model:
     1. Did Dickens write many books?
     2. Yes, he is the author of many books.

1. Did Columbus discover America? 2. Did Popov invent radio? 3. Did Leo Tolstoy write many novels? 4. Did Lomonosov found Moscow University?

Ex. 6. Insert the definite or the indefinite article and read the sentences aloud.

1. Milton was . . . famous English poet. He was . . . author of "Paradise Lost". 2. My scientific adviser is . . . distinguished scientist. He is . . . author of a great number of papers and monographs. 3. Marie Curie was . . . world-famous physicist. 4. Do you happen to know who was . . . author of modern quantum mechanics? 5. Newton is known as . . . discoverer of the Laws of Motion. 6. Thomas Hunt Morgan is . . . author of many books. 7. Columbus was . . . great explorer. He is . . . discoverer of America. 8. Popov is . . . inventor of radio. 9. Edison is well-known as . . . inventor.

Ex. 7. Confirm the following statements. Use: be famous for, be distinguished for, be known for.

     Model:
     1. Bohr made a distinguished contribution to science.
     2. Yes, he did (that's right; you're right; exactly). He is distinguished for his contribution to science.

1. Feyman gave a well-known course of lectures. 2. Mendeleyev discovered the Law of Periodicity. 3. Dickens wrote many world-famous novels. 4. Columbus discovered America. 5. Rutherford did distinguished. research. Б. Copernicus developed his famous hypothesis.

Ex. 8. Answer the following questions.

     Model:
     1. Guttenberg was the inventor of printing, wasn't he?
     2. Yes (you're right; that's right; exactly, etc.), he is famous as the inventor (for having invented) printing.

1. Stratford-on-Avon is Shakespeare's. birthplace, isn't it? 2. Is Shroedinger the creator of wave mechanics? 3. Academician Ioffe founded the Soviet school of semiconductor physics, didn't he? 4. Is Novosibirsk a well-known scientific centre? 5. Your native town has very beautiful architecture, hasn't it? 6. Did academician Pavlov advance the theory of conditioned reflexes?

Ex. 9. Translate into English.

1. Мария Кюри известна тем, что она открыла радий. 2. Фарадей знаменит тем, что он сформулировал (formulate) закон электромагнитной индукции (electromagnetic induction). 3. Эдисон известен как изобретатель фонографа (phonograph). 4. Наш город знаменит своей архитектурой. 4. Гагарин прославился как первый космонавт (cosmonaut).

Ex. 10. Use the words and expressions in italics to compose a talk about a researcher in your field: be born; obtain (get) one's degree; work in collaboration with . . . (be associated with . . .); advance the idea of . . .; be the author of . . . ; recognize one's achievement; take a leading part in . . . , ete.

Ex. 11. React to the following statements or answer the questions. Use the verbs obtain or receive. Note that obtain means getting something through efforts (obtain data, evidence, information, knowledge, results). Receive means getting what is offered, given, sent (receive an award, a prize, a letter, a telegram, an invitation, news, education, training). However one can say obtain or receive a science degree.

     Model:
     1. You obtained some new data, didn't you?
     2. Yes, I'm glad to tell you that I obtained very interesting data.

1. I hear your scientific adviser has obtained some original experimental results. 27 When did you obtain your degree? 3. As far as I know Petrov has received an invitation to join our lab. 4. I understand that you received your education at Moscow University. 5. Did your scientific adviser receive the Lenin prize? 6. Have you obtained all the necessary experimental data? 7. Do you think the results you obtained will help you to make final conclusions? 8. Have you received any news from your collaborators who are now on an expedition to the North?

Ex. 12. Translate into English using the verbs get, obtain, receive.

1. Он не получил никакого образования. 2. Она получит премию. 3. Они получили цепные данные. 4. Я думаю, он получит степень доктора. 5. Полученные ими данные достоверны (quite reliable). 6. Когда вы получили эти данные? 7. Мы получили приглашение посетить эту интересную выставку. 8. Она получила ученую степень два года назад.

Ex. 13. Agree to the statements below and supply some additional information. Use introductory phrases: I quite (fully) agree with you; you're right; that's right; indeed; exactly; quite so; I am of the same opinion; I think so; I believe so, etc.

     Model:
     1. As far as I know, Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist.
     2. You are quite right. He was an outstanding physicist, one of the most ingenious interpreters of modern physics.

1. If I'm not mistaken, Bohr left Copenhagen for Manchester in 1914. 2. As far as I could gather from the text, Bohr took an active part in establishing the Institute of Theoretical Physics. 3. I believe Bohr advanced a lot of concepts of far-reaching consequence. 4. For all I know, Bohr did not stay in Denmark after the Nazis occupied the country. 5. To my mind Bohr's great achievement was generally recognized, wasn't it? 6. In my opinion Bohr was a distinguished scientist. 7. I heard that Bohr was not only a famous physicist, he was an outstanding philosopher as well. 8, As far as I remember, Bohr gave lectures at the University of Copenhagen. 9. I believe, that Bohr worked not only in Denmark but in the United States as well.

Ex. 14. Answer the following questions using the words in brackets. Begin your answers with such introductory phrases as: as far as I know; as far as I remember; to my mind; certainly; it's hard to tell; probably; to tell the truth; of course; if I am not mistaken, etc.

     Model:
     1. Do you work hard? (be associated with).
     2. Of course, I do. I'm associated with a team of researchers and all of us work rather hard.

1. Is your friend still staying in Leningrad? (move somewhere). 2. Why was Enrico Fermi awarded the Nobel Prize? (recognize). 3. What is Newton's main contribution to science? (establish). 4. What is Mendeleyev famous for? (advance, propose). 5. Are you going to take part in the research carried on in your laboratory? (obtain new datum results). 6. What activities is your scientific adviser engaged in? (be head of; give lectures; write papers). 7. What is the main problem you're working at? (be concerned with; work under somebody). 8. Are you working at this problem alone? (in collaboration with . . . ; research team).

Ex. 15. Give appropriate Russian equivalents.

1. Родиться. 2. Он родился в 1933 году. 3. Когда вы родились? 4. Так как он родился в Англии, он хорошо знал английский язык, хотя его родным языком был датский (native tongue, mother tongue). 5. Получить образование. 6. Где вы получили образование? 7. Получив образование в Кембридже, он знал (be familiar with) систему образования в Англии (educational system). 8. Получить степень. 9. Где он получил степень доктора? 10. Занимался ли Бор под руководством Томсона? 11. Собирается ли она заниматься дальше (take up further studies)? 12. Бор работал с Резерфордом. 13. Когда она работала с вами? 14. Вы когда-нибудь работали с ними? (Use Present Perfect). 15. Где вы работали с ними? 16. Благодаря усилиям Бора. 17. Благодаря знанию физики. 18. Наш опыт был закончен вовремя (in time) благодаря совместным усилиям (joint) многих сотрудников (workers). 19. Кто был первым директором вашего института? 20. Кто организовал вашу лабораторию? 21. Выдвигать мысль (idea). 22. Мысль, выдвинутая Бором, оказалась плодотворной (fruitful). 23. Предлагать теорию. 24. Что вы предлагаете? 25. Предложенный им метод (approach) оказался полезным (helpful). 26. Вернувшись в Копенгаген, Бор вновь начал заниматься исследовательской работой. 27. Когда вы снова начнете свою работу (be going to . . . )? 28. Бор работал консультантом в научном отделе Манхэттенского проекта. 29. Огромные заслуги Бора получили признание.

Ex. 16. Answer the following questions.

1. Where were you educated? 2. Did you do further studies after graduation? 3. Did you move anywhere after graduation? 4. Have you ever given any lectures? 5. What part do you take in research carried on at your laboratory? 6. Who is head of your laboratory? 7. What is he distinguished for? 8. Is he the author of any textbooks or monographs? 9. Has he received any awards? 10. Who do you think has advanced the most fundamental ideas of modern physics (biology, physiology, astronomy, chemistry, etc.)? 11. Are you familiar with these theories? 12. What are your plans for the nearest future?

Text 2
CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (1809≈1882)

      Charles Robert Darwin, English naturalist and author, was born at Shrewsbury, February 12, 1809. His father, Robert Warning Darwin, was a distinguished physician at Shrewsbury.
     Charles Darwin studied at Shrewsbury School under Dr. S. Butler. After attending school Darwin spent two years at Edinburgh University in the study of medicine. In 1817 he enrolled at Cambridge University, He early devoted himself to the study of natural history. In 1831 he was appointed naturalist to a naval vessel, then about to sail on an extended surveying expedition. Darwin came home with rich stores of knowledge. He had been much impressed by the manner in which closely allied animals replace one another in proceeding southwards in South America.
     In 1837 Darwin had started a notebook in which he entered facts concerning natural selection. He saw that selection was the key-stone of man's success. Various ideas as to the causes of evolution had to be abandoned.
In 1842, he wrote out his first outline on the origin of species. He corresponded with Asa Gray, the United States naturalist, and sent Gray a letter explaining his views in 1857. This letter became afterwards classical.
     Charles Lyell, author of the widely discussed "Principles of Geology", urged Darwin to prepare a more extensive treatise. The revision was only half finished when Darwin received a letter and manuscript from A. R. Wallace. Wallace asked Darwin to read the manuscript and to forward it to Lyell. Darwin was much startled to find in the essay a complete abstract of his own theory of natural selection. It was an unusual situation: two naturalists, working independently of each other, had simultaneously developed theories that were identical. Both had been influenced by Th. R. Malthus' work on population, both were familiar with Lyell's views on geology, each had observed widely varying species.
     Darwin sent Wallace's manuscript, together with the second draft of his own treatise, to Lyell, who consulted Josef D. Hooker, English botanist. On their recommendation both Wallace's and Darwin's essays were read as a joint paper before the Linnae Society at London. In 1859 Darwin published "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection".
Although Darwin and Wallace differed in some opinions they remained friends. Darwin was, with Wallace, the first to attempt to work out a logical explanation of the variations of species, and to collect and arrange facts upon which the theory of evolution could be based.
     Because of the emphasis placed upon "The Origin of Species" and "The Descent of Man" Darwin's numerous of other important contributions are frequently overlooked.
     Darwin received many honours from learned societies in Great Britain and on the continent. He died at Down, Kent, England, April 19, 1882.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Comprehensive check.

1. Who was Charles Darwin? 2. Can you tell me where he was born? 3. Who was his father? 4. Will you tell me under whom Darwin studied at Shrewsbury school? 5. How long did he attend school? 6. What did he do after leaving school? 7. He was interested in the study of natural history, wasn't he? 8. On what expedition did he go? 9. Darwin corresponded with many scientists, didn't he? 10. Why is his correspondence with Asa Gray of special interest to us? 11. Whom did Lyell consult when Darwin sent him his own treatise and the manuscript received from Wallace? 12. What did Lyell and Hooker recommend Darwin? 13. Were Darwin and Wallace of the same opinion on all the problems concerning the theory of evolution? 14. Are you familiar with Darwin's view on the descent of man? 15. What is your opinion on Darwin's main contribution to science?

Ex. 2. Answer the following questions. Note that no article is used before nouns denoting a branch of knowledge (archaeology, astronomy, biology, biochemistry, botany, chemistry, history, mathematics, mechanics, philosophy, philology, physiology, physics, etc.).

1. What examination are you going to take next spring? 2. What subjects did you like best while at school? 3. What subjects were you interested in while at the Institute (University)? 4. What course of lectures did you attend while a postgraduate? 5. In what field are you doing research?

Ex. 3. Insert the definite  article where   necessary    and   read   the sentences   aloud.   Note that we say "He gives lectures in chemistry" but "He gives lectures on the chemistry of proteins".

1. Do you take interest in . . . science? 2. Botany is . . . science of plants. 3. Pavlov studied . . . biology at the University. 4. . . . astronomy is a branch of . . . knowledge. 5. I am sure that . . . knowledge of English will help me greatly in doing . . . research. 6. What is . . . knowledge? 7. . . . nature has always inspired poets and artists. 8. Are you familiar with . . . nature of . . . radioactivity? 9. He had to take into account . . . radioactivity of this element. 10. Rutherford determined . . . nature of alpha-particles and worked out . . . theory of radioactive disintegration of elements. 11. Mendeleyev discovered . . . Law of . . . Periodicity. 12. In his youth Dr. Nash studied . . . law. 13. My sister is fond of . . . music. 14. . . . music of Chopin is very beautiful. 15. I am not interested in . . . nuclear physics. I want to do . . . research in . . . field of . . . solid-state physics.

Ex. 4. Insert articles where necessary. Remember that we say "He works at и plant" hut" He works at the Lomonosov plant". Note that no article is used before the words school and college when they denote an educational establishment, while the word University is mostly preceded by the definite article.

1. Lomonosov managed to secure admission to . . . school by pretending to be . . . son of . . . nobleman. 2. In 1745 he returned to St. Petersburg and was appointed professor of . . . chemistry at . . . University. 3. Are you going to take post-graduate courses at . . . research institute? 4. Next month my friend is going to give . . . lecture at . . . Department of Plant Anatomy of . . . Institute of . . . Botany. 5. My younger brother goes to . . . school. He hopes to enter . . . University and study . . . physics. 6. Does your sister work as . . . secretary at . . . office or at . . . plant? 7. Dr. Ivanov is . . . secretary of . . . scientific council of . . . Department of . . . theoretical physics.

Ex. 5. Answer the following questions and give some additional information. Note that after the verbs answer, attend, consult, enjoy, enter, join, leave no preposition is needed.

1. Were you able to answer all the questions put to you? 2. Have you answered the letter you received from your friend? 3. Do you regularly attend English classes? 4. Did you attend the last seminar at your lab? 5. Are you going to attend our meeting tonight? 6. When are you going to consult your scientific adviser? 7. Do you often consult the head of your laboratory on problems concerned with your work? 8. Do you have to consult the dictionary when translating texts on your speciality? 9. Did he enjoy his stay in London? 10. Did you enjoy your holiday? 11. At what age did you enter the Institute? 12. Is your sister (brother) going to enter the University? 13. Did you join any scientific circle while at the University? 14. When did you join this laboratory? 15. When did you leave school? 16. When did you leave your native town?

Ex. 6. Answer the following questions using the verbs in italics.

Model:
1. What mark did your teacher give you in literature? (answer).
2. He gave me a five. I answered all his questions.

attend
1. What do you do to learn philosophy? 2. What did you do yesterday? I called on you but was told you were away. 3. How often are seminars held at your Institute?

consult
4. What do you do if you feel unwell? 5. What do you do if you come across an unfamiliar word in your text? 6. What do you do if you encounter difficulties when solving some problem?

enjoy
7. Did you like the film you saw yesterday? 8. Did you go to Kiev on holiday?

enter
9. How old is your sister? 10. Is that room vacant? Is there anybody there? 11. What Institute did your husband (wife) graduate from?

join
12. Do you attend the meetings of the Learned Geographical Society? 13. How long have you been working at this laboratory?

leave
14. When did you finish school? 15. Where did you live before coming to Leningrad?

Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences into English using the verbs answer, attend, consult, enjoy, follow, join, leave.

1. Преподаватель вошел в класс. 2. Он уехал из Ленинграда. 3. Кто может ответить на мой вопрос? 4. Идите вперед (You go first), а я пойду за вами. 5. На лекции присутствовало только двадцать студентов. 6. On вступил в студенческое научное общество. 7. Советовались ли вы со своим руководителем? 8. Я поступил в университет в 1976 году. 9. Когда вы закончили школу? 10. Вы следили за падением температуры?

Ex. 8. Answer the questions using the verb attend.

1. How many people were present at the lecture on polymers? 2. Are you going to be present at the next seminar on Shakespeare? 3. Did you go to English classes last year? 4. You studied at the University, didn't you? 5. Does your son (daughter) go to school?

Ex. 9. Answer the questions using the verb visit.

Model:
1. When did he go to England?
2. He visited England last year.

1. When did you go to see your friend? 2. Did you go to Petrodvoretz last Sunday? 3. Have you called on your colleague at the hospital? 4. Have you seen the new exhibition? 5. How often do you go to the Hermitage?

Ex. 10. Insert the verbs attend or visit and read the sentences aloud.

1. All children over seven must . . . school. 2. Have you . . . this exhibition? 3. Who . . . the meeting? 4. Will you . . . your friend to-morrow? 5. Many foreign tourists . . . our country every year. 6. While in Moscow I . . . the Gallery of Russian Art. 7. Who's going to . . . the next lecture in mathematics? 8. During my stay in Prague I . . . many places of interest.

Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences into Russian using the verbs attend от visit.

1. Он не ходит на лекции. 2. Посещаете ли вы семинары по цитологии? 3. Вы были на выставке в Эрмитаже? 4. Правильно ли я вас понял (Am I to understand), что вы собираетесь посетить наш город? 5. Сколько людей посещает эти лекции? 6. Они никогда не ходят на наши семинары.

Ex. 12. Insert the verbs advise or consult. Note that you consult your manager (teacher); your manager advises something to you.

1. The problem you are studying is rather difficult. Did you . . . your scientific adviser on this point? What did he . . . you? 2. Who . . . you to use this method? 3. He had to . . . the reference book. 4. I . . . my doctor. He . . . me to go to the Black Sea shore.

Ex. 13. Translate the following sentences into Russian using he verbs in italics.

consult
1. Я должен посоветоваться с моим научным руководителем (scientific adviser, supervisor). 2. Вы должны посоветоваться с заведующим (manager, head) лаборатории. 3. Они не советовались со мной.

advise
4. Кто посоветовал вам использовать этот метод? 5. Мой руководитель советовал мне использовать дру╛гой метод (different approach). 6. Я советую вам проверить (check) ваши данные еще раз.

Ex. 14. Give a short answer to the following questions and then add some details, using the verbs consult or advise.

1. Do you often consult reference books? 2. Did your supervisor advise you to read your paper at the conference? 3. When do you consult the dictionary? 4. Did the doctor advise you to take your leave now? 5. Are you going to consult your scientific adviser on how to do the calculations?

Ex. 15. Read the following sentences aloud and translate them into Russian paying special attention to the parts in italics.

1. Am I to understand that your scientific adviser is on leave now? 2. I was told that he was going on a sightseeing tour of Novgorod. 3. For all I know he is on an expedition to the North. 4. While on his trip to the Crimea he visited Chekhov's house.

Ex. 16. Answer the following questions using the expressions be on leave, be (go) on an expedition (to), be (go) on a tour (of), go on a trip (to).

1. Where is the secretary? (leave). 2. Where is your scientific adviser? (expedition to the North). 3. Where is the head of your laboratory? (tour of England). 4. When did you see Chekhov's house? (trip to the Crimea).

Ex. 17. Translate into English.

1. Он в отпуске. 2. Она поехала в экспедицию на север. 3. Правильно ли я вас понял (Am I to understand), что вы собираетесь в поездку по Англии? 4. Я не поеду завтра на экскурсию по Ленинграду. 5. Ездили ли вы в экспедицию в прошлом году? 5. Во время моей поездки в Киев я познакомился (get acquainted with) с работой их лаборатории.

Ex. 18. Read the sentences aloud and translate them into Russian.

1. I was greatly impressed by what I heard in your talk. 2. We were greatly impressed by the way he conducted his experiment. 3. The audience was greatly impressed by what the speaker said. 4. He was deeply impressed by what he had seen during his trip.

Ex. 19. Answer the following questions. Use the Passive Voice instead of the Active, adding adverbs greatly or deeply.

1. Did the story impress you? 2. Did the report of the new discovery impress you? 3. Did the results obtained by your colleague impress you? 4. Did the speaker impress the audience with his data?

Ex. 20. Translate into English using be impressed by.

1. На меня произвело большое впечатление прекрасное оборудование этой лаборатории. 2. Доклад произвел большое впечатление на слушателей (audience). 3. Поездка в Новосибирск произвела на иностранных ученых большое впечатление. 5. Фильм произвел на меня большое впечатление.

Ex. 21. Describe briefly what impressed you a) during your trip to . . . ; b) while visiting a research centre in . . . ; c) when you heard the lecture by professor . . . .

Ex. 22. Read the following sentences aloud and translate them into Russian paying special attention to the link-verb.

1. Are you familiar with modern views on atomic structure? 2. I got familiar with Darwin's theory while at school. 3. Am I to understand that he is interested in mechanics? 4. He got interested in dynamics when a boy of 14. 5. He wasn't acquainted with my work when he wrote his thesis. 6. She got acquainted with our work after she had read our paper.

Ex. 23. Answer the following questions.

1. You say you are acquainted with the theory of. . . . When did you get acquainted with it? 2. You seem to be greatly interested in this problem. When did you get interested in it? 3. When did you get interested in . . . ?

Ex. 24. Translate into English.

1. Знакомы ли вы с современными гипотезами о происхождении планет? 2. Когда вы познакомились с теорией происхождения видов? 3. Почему вы заинтересовались нашей работой? 4. Он очень (greatly) интересуется нашими результатами. 5. Правильно ли я вас понял, что вы не знаете наших работ?

Ex. 25. React to the following statements. Use the expressions in one's opinion, be of the same (different) opinion on, . . .

1. To my mind this approach will give reliable re-suits. 2. I am afraid we must use some other approach. 3. There are no opponents of Darwin's theory today. 4. Darwin collected most of his data during his expedition.

Ex. 26. Insert prepositions where necessary and read the sentences aloud.

1. Charles Darwin devoted much time . . . the study of natural history. 2. He went . . . a geological expedition. 3. He was much impressed . . . what he had learned. 4. He is familiar . . . modern views . . . the origin . . . our Galaxy. 5. He consulted . . . an English botanist . . . this point. 6. They differ . . . opinion . . . this subject. 7. He based his theory . . . reliable facts. 8. I was greatly impressed . . . the sights . . . the city. 9. My fellow-worker and I are going . . . a scientific expedition . . . the south. 10. We devote much effort . . . experimental work. 11. I got familiar . . . the theory . . . the descent . . . man while . . . school. 12. Is Dr. Brown here? No, he is away . . . leave. 13. He is . . . the opinion that these facts are reliable. 14. . . . my opinion their approach is quite wrong.

Ex. 27. Translate the following sentences using the words in italics.

devote (to)
1. Кому посвящена эта рукопись? 2. Он посвятил все свое время исследованиям. 3. Они отдали все свои силы (efforts) естественным наукам.

learned (adj.)
4. Кто ученый секретарь в вашем институте? 5. Он выступал в научном географическом обществе. 6. Это научный кружок (society)? 7. Он очень (highly) образованный (знающий) человек;

start
8. Когда отправляется поезд? 9. Они сразу начали свою работу. 10. Он начал свой доклад с (with) короткого вступления (исторического введения).

enter something (without any preposition)
11. Он не входил в комнату. 12. Моя дочь уже поступила в университет. 13. Я поступил в институт в 1967 году.

to consult somebody (something) (without any preposition)
14. Вы должны посоветоваться с врачом. 15. Вы смотрели словарь? (Вы обращались к словарю?) 16. Когда вы поговорите со своим руководителем?

attend (something) (without any preposition)
17. Он не посещает английских занятий (classes). 18. Вы были на прошлой лекции? 19. На нашем семинаре присутствовало 44 человека. 20. Моя дочь ходит в школу.

develop
21. Он разработал новый метод. 22. Они выдвинули смелую (bold) гипотезу. 23. Мой сын проявляет большой (great) интерес к (in) математике. 24. Вы проявили свои фотопленки (films)?

Ex. 28. Translate into English.

1. Под чьим руководством занимался Дарвин? 2. Под руководством профессора Петрова наш институт стал крупным (important) научным центром. 3. Группа (team) профессора Вагина проводит интересные исследования. 4. Когда Попов был выбран (назначен) профессором? 5. Кто назначен директором вашего института? 6. На Дарвина произвело большое впечатление то, что он увидел в Южной Америке. 7. Картины Рембрандта всегда производят на меня глубокое впечатление. 8. Что вам больше всего понравилось (произвело на вас самое большое впечатление) во время вашей поездки? 9. Его доклад широко обсуждался. 10. Имя Павлова широко известно за пределами нашей страны (outside this country). 11. Кто разработал эту теорию? 12. Теория, разработанная Дарвином, не была общепризннана в его время. 13. На Дарвина оказала большое влияние работа Мальтуса. 14. Советовались ли вы со своим руководителем? 15. Что посоветовал вам ваш руководитель? 16. Кто посоветовал вам вступить (to join) в студенческий клуб? 17. Советовал ли вам ваш преподаватель прочитать эту статью? 18. Посоветуйтесь со своими товарищами по работе (fellow-workers). 19. По моему мнению, он знаком с этой теорией. 20. Он собрал и привел в систему необходимые данные.

Ex. 29. a) Give a survey of Darwin's life before he wrote his first outline of the origin of species.

Use: be born at (in); attend school; spend some years in the study of . . . ; devote oneself to . . . ; be appointed . . . ; come home with rich stores of knowledge; be impressed by . . . ; abandon ideas as to the causes of . . . .

b) Give a short outline of Darwin's work.
Use: write an outline on . . . ; correspond with . . . ; explain one's views; prepare an extensive treatise; work independently of each other; develop identical theories; read a joint paper; differ in some opinion; attempt to work out a logical explanation of . . . ; collect and arrange facts; base the theory of . . . on . . . .

c) Describe briefly your current research.
Use: study (work, do research) under . . . ; consult somebody on . . . ; attend lectures (classes, seminars); go on an expedition (a trip); be impressed by . . . ; develop a method (procedure, theory); be familiar with . . . ; write a joint paper; differ in opinion on . . . ; work out an explanation (a theory, an approach); collect and arrange facts (data, observations); attend the meetings of a learned society.

Ex. 30. Make up a short talk about yourself. Use the questions below as a guide.

1. When were you born? 2. Who were your parents? 3. You attended school in Leningrad, didn't you? 4. Have you ever attended English classes? 5. Under whom did you study at the University (Institute)? 6. You often go on expeditions, don't you? 7. What impressed you most when you joined your laboratory? 8. When did you get familiar with . . . views on . . . ? 9. Have you already collected and arranged necessary data (facts, observations)? 10. When do you usually consult your scientific adviser? 11. Are you always of the same opinion on аll the problems concerning your field or do your opinions sometimes differ? 12. Do you correspond with any foreign scientists? 13. You attend all the laboratory seminars, don't you? 14. Are you familiar with current problems discussed at these seminars? 15. What problems are you especially interested in? 16. Have you written any joint papers with any of your colleagues? 17. Did you take part in the work of the students' learned society when an undergraduate?

 

Text 3
THOMAS HUNT MORGAN (1866≈1945)

     Thomas Hunt Morgan is one of the chief founders of modern genetics. An authority on embryology, evolution, genetics and heredity, his theory of the gene is generally accepted.
     His interest in biology declared itself while an (undergraduate at the Kentucky CoIlege of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (now the University of Kentucky), from which he graduated in 1886. It matured at Hopkins' University, where he studied embryology under W. K. Brooks.
     In 1904 he was appointed professor of experimental zoology at Columbia University. There he carried on, experimental studies in the laws and mechanics of heredity. His work in genetics came to centre on problems of the physical basis of heredity in the venegar fly Drosophila. Soon a group of graduate students and assistants was at work in what became famous as the "fly-room" in the Department of Zoology, in which the processes of inheritance in this small, rapidly breeding insect were so thoroughly analyzed that by 1915 the main outlines of the chromosome theory of heredity had been laid. His observations formed a basis for a complete theory of paired elements, "factors" or "genes", within the chromosome which are responsible for the transmission of heredity. The nature of these genes constituted the chief subjects of his research. This general theory of transmission mechanism of heredity was clearly the most important step in the development of the science of genetics since Mendel's publication in 1866. Morgan's masterly summary of this published in 1926 as the theory of gene listed the new principles added to genetics by the discoveries of his school.
     All subsequent work in transmission genetics has been based upon reasoning and the evidence provided by Morgan's school.
     After his departure from Columbia University, where this groundwork had been laid, Morgan's interests returned to problems of embryology, while his former students and associates continued to develop his fundamental work in genetics.
     Morgan was awarded the 1933 Nobel prize in physiology and medicine for his outstanding discoveries concerning the laws and mechanism of heredity. In 1939 he won the Copley Medal of the Royal Society for his development of the study of genetics. He was the author of a great many books, monographs and papers.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Translate the sentences below into Russian paying special attention to the parts in italics.

1. Morgan is an authority on embryology, evolution, genetics and heredity. 2. His interest in biology declared itself while he was an undergraduate at the Kentucky college. 3. He studied embriology under W. K. Brooks. 4. His work in genetics came to centre on problems of the physical basis of heredity. 5. A group of graduate students was at work in the Department of Zoology. 6. Morgan's former students and associates continued to develop his fundamental work in genetics.

Ex. 2. Answer the following questions.

1. What is Morgan distinguished for? 2. Under whom did Morgan study embryology? 3. In what field did he carry out experimental research? 4. What insect did he choose to study the physical basis of heredity? 5. When did he give the main outlines of his theory? 6. What did his observations enable him to do? 7. What was the chief subject of his research? 8. What was Morgan's most important contribution to the development of the science of genetics? 9. What did his former students and associates do after he had left Columbia University? 10. What prize was Morgan awarded? 11. What won him the Copley Medal? 12. Do you know whether Morgan wrote any books or monographs?

Ex. 3. Answer the following questions using words and expressions from the text instead of those in italics.

1. When was Morgan made professor? 2. In what field did he do research? 3. What problem did his work concentrate on?
4. When did his summary of transmission mechanism of heredity come out? 5. What did he do after he had left Columbia?
6. When did Morgan win the Nobel prize? 7. What did he receive the Copley Medal for?

Ex. 4. Insert prepositions where necessary and read the sentences aloud.

A
1. Morgan was an authority . . . embryology and related branches . . . science. 2. His interest . . . pure science was striking. 3. He early got interested . . . applied science. 4. Morgan did embryology . . . W. K. Brooks. 5. He carried . . . extensive studies . . . (the field . . . ) genetics. 6. His work . . . botany came to centre . . . general problems . . . species. 7. A group . . . graduate students and postgraduates is . . . work . . . this problem. 8. His observations formed a basis . . . a complete theory. 9. All subsequent work . . . genetics has been based . . . reasoning and the evidence provided . . . Morgan's school. 10. Morgan was awarded a Nobel prize . . . physiology . . . his outstanding discoveries . . . the laws of heredity.

B
11. My manager is an authority . . . genetics (theoretical physics, chemistry, etc.). 12. As to me, I am interested . . . biology (statistics, mechanics, mathematics, etc.). 13. My brother showed interest . . . geology (zoology, archaeology, art, etc.) while an undergraduate. 14. Now his interest is centred . . . problems . . . biochemical processes. 15. I do my postgraduate work . . . the Institute . . . Zoology . . . Leningrad. I did my undergraduate work . . . the University . . . professor Black. 16. One of my associates was awarded the Lenin prize . . . botany . . . his important contribution. 17. The theoretical staff . . . our department are . . . work summarizing the results . . . their calculations. 18. I am expected to base my investigation . . . experimental evidence and theoretical reasoning. 19. His studies . . . Dr. Brown formed a basis . . . further investigation . . . (the field . . . ) botany. 20. He returned . . . his work . . . 1967.

Ex. 5. Answer the following questions. Pay attention to the verb take.

1. Where have you taken your degree? 2. When are you going to take your holiday? 3. Who took the first prize in the last game? 4. Do you take interest in art? 5. Does your friend take any interest in science? 6. How long did it take you to translate the paper? 7. Do your experiments take much time? 8. How long will it take you to get through with your experiment? 9. Did it take you long to get ready for your exam in German? 10. When are you going to take your examination in English? 11. When did your friend take post-graduate studies? 12. When did you decide to take up biology (chemistry, physics, botany, embryology) as your field? 13. Do you take an active part in the seminars which are held in your laboratory? 14. Where do you take your postgraduate course?

Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences using the verb take.

1. Она очень интересуется исследовательской работой. 2. Мой опыт занял три часа. 3. Сколько времени нужно, чтобы закончить (to complete) опыт? 4. Сколько вам потребовалось времени, чтобы доехать до (get to) Новосибирска? 5. Кто снял показания (the readings)? 6. Она еще не сдавала экзамена по (in) физике (химии и т. д.). 7. Когда он поступил в аспирантуру? 8. Она решила поступить в аспирантуру. 9. Когда он занялся физиологией (географией, медициной, наукой)? 10. Я пойду в отпуск в июле. 11. Он не принимал участия в обсуждении этого вопроса. 12. Проверка данных берет у меня много времени. 13. Ему потребовалось два месяца для того, чтобы собрать (mount) установку (device, apparatus, assembly).

Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences using the verbs given in brackets.

A
1. Закончили ли вы свой опыт (finish)? 2. Какой университет вы окончили (graduate)? 3. Он окончил школу 7 лет назад (leave). 4. Они закончили читать книгу (finish+ gerund). 5. Оратор (the speaker) закончил, выразив благодарность (express gratitude to) аудитории (the audience) (finish+ by+ gerund). 6. Заседание кончается в 5 часов (be over).

В
7. Он проводит много времени за чтением (spend . . . in). 8. Я провожу исследования в лаборатории (carry on research, do research). 9. Заведующий (the manager) провел меня в свой кабинет (show somebody to). 10. Секретарь провел меня по всем лабораториям (take somebody round, show somebody round). 11. Мы проводим много опытов (perform, do, make, carry on). 12. Я уезжаю (leave) очень рано. Не приходите провожать меня (see somebody off).

С
13. Моя дочь занимается в музыкальной школе (study). 14. Занимается ли он английским (study)? 15. Профессор X. занимается проблемами твердого тела (be engaged in, investigate, study). 16. Мой друг будет заниматься физикой в институте (take up, do, study). 17. Занимается ли он в аспирантуре (take a postgraduate course, do a postgraduate course, do postgraduate studies)? 18. Что делает сейчас ваш лаборант (laboratory assistant)? Он занимается подготовкой к опыту (be busy+ gerund). 19. Ученый занимается научной работой (be engaged in, do research). 20. Наша лаборатория занимается интересными исследованиями (be engaged in, do research). 21. Занимается ли ваш брат спортом (go in for)? 22. Он занимается химией в университете (study, do).

D
23. Он читает лекции в университете (give, deliver). 24. Много ли вы читаете (read)? 25. Он прочитал доклад (read a paper).

Е
26. Он сделал грубую (bad) ошибку (make).
27. Когда он сделает свое сообщение (give a talk)?
28. Он не сделал упражнения (do).

F
29. Моя дочь поступила в школу в прошлом году (go). 30. Я поступил в университет (enter). 31. Он поступил в научный кружок (join). 32. Они поступили на работу в наш институт (come to work, begin working). 33. Когда вы поступили в аспирантуру (take up the postgraduate course)? 34. Я не знаю, как поступить (what to do).

Ex. 8. Complete the following sentences and say them fluently.

1. My wife graduated from . . . 2. My interests centre on . . . 3. The chief subject of . . . 4. I base my experiments on . . . 5. My scientific adviser is the author of . . . 6. He is an authority on . . . 7. Our team makes a thorough analysis of . . . 8. I carry on . . .

Ex. 9. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1. We know that the evolution theory is generally accepted in this country. 2. I found that almost all researchers combine activities in research with social work. 3. I believe you base your experiments on theoretical considerations. 4. The head of your laboratory is an authority on mathematics (physics, biology, etc.), isn't he?

Ex. 10. Insert one of the words given in brackets and read the sentences aloud.

Model:
1. I find the subject of your work very. . . . I got . . . in the subject of your work (interesting, interested).
2. I find the subject of your work very interesting. I got interested in the subject of your work.

1. Mathematics is very. . . . I am greatly . . . in it (interesting, interested). 2. The sight of the mountains was very. . . . I got much . . . by it (impressive, impressed). 3. I got deeply . . . in chemistry. I find it very . . . (interesting, interested). 4. The number of people present was. . . . Everybody was . . . by his speech (impressive, impressed). 5. I am really deeply . . . in the results of your experiments. They are very . . . (interesting, interested).

Ex. 11. React to the following statements. Fill in the blanks with interest, interesting, interested. Read the sentences in pairs.

1. - I got interested in the subject of your work.
- I am glad you found it . . . .
2. - My teacher encouraged my interest in physics when I was at school.
- It's good that you got . . . in physics while still at school.
3. - Did you find this book interesting?
- Yes, I read it with great . . . from the first page.

Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Эта статья весьма интересна. 2. Меня интересует его мнение. 3. Цифра была очень внушительной. 4. На меня оказало большое впечатление его сообщение. 5. Его не интересует проблема, о которой идет речь (the problem in question). 6. Я нахожу, что проблема, о которой идет речь, очень интересна.

Ex. 13. Answer the following questions using the adverb or the adjective given in brackets.

1. Did you study the phenomena involved in metabolism? (thorough, thoroughly). 2. Do you make a study of these processes? (thorough, thoroughly). 3. Have you made any mention of our work? (brief, briefly). 4. Did Pavlov's work influence experimental physiology? (profound, profoundly). 5. Do your results show agreement with the theory? (good, well). 6. Did Morgan's works contribute to the development of natural sciences? (large, largely). 7. Did Morgan make any contribution to our knowledge of heredity? (great, greatly). 8. Does your son take any interest in physics? (great, greatly). 9. Has the speaker mentioned your experiments? (brief, briefly). 10. Have you checked your data? (thorough, thoroughly). 11 Does your hypothesis agree with the theory? (good, well). 12. Are you interested in research? (deep, deeply).

Ex. 14. Translate into English.

1. Он автор многих книг и статей. 2. Кто основатель современной физики? 3. Он директор нашего института. 4. Он специалист по этому вопросу. 5. Согласились (accept) ли вы с его точкой зрения? 6. Он не принял моего предложения. 7. Признана (accept) ли эта теория? 8. Его заслуги общепризнаны (recognize). 9. Чья теория теперь общепризнана? 10. Законы Ньютона общеизвестны. 11. Он провел тщательный анализ. 12. Он тщательно проанализировал результаты измерений. 13. Он выработал законченную теорию. 14. Когда вы закончите свою диссертацию (thesis). 15. Когда вы закончили университет? 16. Мои опыты далеко не (far from) закончены. 17. Проводите ли вы экспериментальные исследования? 18. Проведенные мною опыты дали (provide with) мне необходимые данные. 19. Я основываю свои рассуждения на заключениях, которые дает (provide) общая теория. 20. Я занимаюсь под руководством профессора Н. 21. У него большой интерес к биологии. 22. Его интерес к физике проявился, когда он учился в школе. 23. Они интересуются физикой. Физика очень интересный предмет. 24. Я заинтересовался его опытом. Он проводит очень интересные опыты. 25. Моего руководителя назначили директором нашего института. 26. Его назначение очень важно для нашего института. 27. Он известен как хороший певец. 28. Он известен как крупный специалист по (в области) общей химии. 29. Они знамениты своими работами по некоторым специальным вопросам теории жидкостей.

Ex. 15. Describe how Morgan came to be the founder of modern genetics.

Use: show interest in . . . ; graduate from . . . ; study under . . . ; be appointed professor of . . . ; carry on (out) experimental studies; centre on; analyze thoroughly; lay the main outlines of the theory of . . . ; form a basis for . . . ; constitute the chief subject of one's research; be the most important step in . . . ; list the new principles of . . . ; be awarded a prize; win a medal.

Ex. 16. Speak about your own research.

Use: centre on . . . ; be concerned with . . . ; collect data; make observations; measure; calculate; investigate; arrange new facts; read (give) a paper; joint paper; agree with . . . ; work under . . . ; the method (approach) proved fruitful.

Ex. 17. Give a talk about the problems studied at your laboratory.

Use: interest is concentrated on . . . ; explain (provide explanation of . . . ); analyze thoroughly; form a basis for . . . ; study the nature of . . . ; provide evidence far, . . . ; be an important step in the development of . . . ; be responsible for . . . .

Text 4
FREDERIC HOPKINS

     Hopkins, a famous English biochemist, was born in 1861 at Eastbourne, East Sussex, in England He was educated at private schools and took his first training in the Laboratory of Consulting Chemists. In 1888 he began his medical studies at Guy's hospital. He combined activities in research with clinical work and after taking his degree at the University of London became a member of the staff of the medical school of Guy's hospital. In 1899 he was called by Sir M. Foster to Cambridge where he joined the illustrious school of physiology which Foster was founding. In 1913 he became the first professor of the newly created department of Physical Chemistry at Cambridge.
     He early realized that one of the urgent needs of biochemistry then entering its modem" phase under Felix Hoppe-Seyler and Franz Hofmeister was accurate knowledge of the proteins.
     He became known internationally for his important researches and discoveries in the fields of biochemistry and dietetics. His experiments with rats were the first of their kind that were scientifically planned and based on sound theoretical considerations. He succeeded (in association with S. W. Cole) in isolating from proteins the amino-acid triptophane.
     In 1906, while a reader in chemical physiology he announced the importance of vitamins as essential constituents of the health diet. In 1912 he published a report clearing up a few of the mysteries of nutrition He did not himself isolate any of the vitamins of which he studied the effects - chiefly A and В - but he is rightly regarded as the father of vitamin chemistry In collaboration with the late Sir W. Fletcher he did important research into chemical changes that accompany muscle contraction. He was a pioneer in the physiological study of muscular activity and carbohydrate metabolism. He laid the foundation of our knowledge of the chemistry of muscular contraction by his research into lactic acid production in muscle.
     In 1921 Hopkins made his most fundamental contribution by isolating from living tissues the sulphur-containing depeptide glutation and by showing its importance for the oxidations in living cells.
     In 1929 he was joint winner of the Nobel prize in physiology for his contribution on growth-promoting vitamins. He held many honorary degrees and memberships in numerous societies and academies.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Read the sentences aloud and translate them into Russian paying special attention to the parts in italics.

1. Hopkins was educated at a private school. 2. He took his first training in the Laboratory of Consulting Chemist. 3. He combined activities in research with clinical work. 4. After taking his degree at the University of London he became a member of the staff of the medical school. 5. He joined the illustrious school of physiology which Foster was founding. 6. He early realized the urgent needs of biochemistry. 7. Biochemistry was then entering its modern phase, under F. Hoppe-Seyler and F. Hofmeister. 8. In 1906 while a reader in chemical physiology he announced the importance of vitamins. 9. In collaboration with the late Sir W. Fletcher he did research into the chemical changes that accompany muscle contraction. 10. In 1929 he was joint winner of the Nobel prize in physiology for his contribution on growth-promoting vitamins. 11. He held many honorary degrees.

Ex. 2. Answer the following questions.

1. Where did Hopkins receive his primary education? 2. Where did he take his first training? (Where did he do his first studies?). 3. Was he engaged in any activities outside his research? 4. Where did he take his degree? 5. What hospital did he work at? 6. What did M. Foster propose to him? 7. What was one of the urgent needs of biochemistry at that time? 8. What was Hopkins famous for? 9. In what field of science did he work? 10. Why can Hopkins be considered the father of vitamin chemistry? 11. What research did he do in collaboration with Fletcher? 12. In what areas was he a pioneer? 13. What fundamental contribution did ho make in 1921? 14. What won Hopkins the Nobel prize? 15. Did he hold any scientific degrees?

Ex. 3. Confirm the statements below. Use words and expressions from the text instead of those in italics.

     Model: 1. To my knowledge, Hopkins was a distinguished scientist.
                  2. Yes, (that's right; you're right; exactly, etc.) he was a famous biochemist.

1. As far as I know, Hopkins received education at private schools. 2. He did his first studies in the laboratory of Consulting. Chemist, didn't he? 3. From what I know, he took up his medical studies in 1888. 4. I know that Hopkins not only did research but also carried out clinical work. 5. If I am not mistaken, Hopkins graduated from the University of London. 6. As far as I remember, after graduation Hopkins came to work at the medical school of Guy's hospital. 7. He became world-famous for his researches and discoveries, didn't he? 8. If I remember right, working together with W. Fletcher Hopkins studied chemical changes that accompany muscle contraction. 9. As far as I know, in 1929 he shared the Nobel prize in medicine and physiology with Eijkman for his contribution on growth-promoting vitamins.

Ex. 4. Answer the following questions. Use one of the verbs:
explain, realize, graduate, join, invite instead of those in italics.

1. Where did Hopkins take his degree? 2. When did he become a member of the staff of a medical school? 3. Why was he called to Oxford? 4. Was he aware of the importance and urgency of his work? 5. Did his report clear up some facts concerning nutrition?

Ex. 5. Insert prepositions where necessary and read the sentences aloud.

1. Hopkins was educated . . . private schools. 2. His activities . . . research were generally recognized. 3. . . . 1899 he joined . . . the illustrious school . . . physiology. 4. Biochemistry was then entering . . . its modern phase. 5. Hopkins became world-known . . . important researches and discoveries . . . the field . . . biochemistry. 6. He based his experiments . . . sound theoretical considerations. 7. He succeeded . . . isolating a new substance. 8. He was a reader . . . chemical physiology. 9. He did important research . . . the chemical changes that accompany muscle contraction. 10. He was joint winner . . . the Nobel prize . . . physiology . . . his contributions . . . growth-promoting vitamins. 11. My supervisor's activities . . . experimental work are well-known. 12. Dr. N. combines deep theoretical knowledge . . . great experimental skill. 13. My wife joined . . . the laboratory two years ago. 14. While a student I joined . . . a learned society. 15. My scientific adviser became known . . . his paper issued . . . 1960. 16 . . . what field do you do research? 17. Do you base your work . . . evidence provided . . . experiment? 18. Last year I succeeded . . . passing my entrance examination and was admitted to the Institute.

Ex. 6. React to the wrong statements below using some of the following introductory phrases: you are not quite right, you are mistaken, you are wrong, it is not quite so, it would be wrong to say so, I can't agree with you, just the reverse.

1. Can you clear up one point to me? Did Hopkins really come to work at the medical school of Guy's hospital before graduation? 2. I believe that Hopkins was only engaged in theoretical work. Is it really so? 3. I thought it was Hopkins who invited Forster to Cambridge. 4. I was of the opinion that biochemistry enters its modern phase nowadays. 5. To my mind, Hopkins' experiments with rats (on rats) are of no interest to us. 6. As far as I know Hopkins is regarded as the father of vitamin chemistry. This gave me the idea that Hopkins must have isolated some of the vitamins himself.

Ex. 7. Give an extensive answer to the following questions. Use the words in brackets.

1. What did your friend do after he graduated from the University? (call; become a member of the staff; work in the field of .. . ; combine research with teaching). 2. Why have you decided to take up biology (physics, chemistry, astronomy, physiology, botany, etc.) as your field? (while at school; join; give the matter a thorough consideration). 3. How is your work progressing? (quite well; succeed in . . . ; base; work in collaboration with . . . ; joint paper). 4. Is your scientific adviser a prominent scientist? (yes, rather; hold honorary degrees; make a contribution to . . . ; do research into . . . ; create). 5. Have you got much work to do at present? (yes, rather; urgent; take postgraduate studies; combine one's studies with research). 6. How did your co-worker learn English? (by studying hard; join).

Ex. 8. Answer the following questions. Use: make a contribution (to); make an impression; make a mistake; make a study of . . . ; make use of . . . ; make experiments; make a summary; make a discovery; make a contribution

1. Did Niels Bohr contribute to the study of atomic structure? 2. What insects did Morgan experiment with? 3. Did he discover anything important? 4. Did you study all the literature in your field before writing your thesis? 5. Which of the books you read impressed you most? 6. Did you summarize all the data at the end of your paper? 7. Are there any mistakes in your English dictation?

Ex. 9. Translate the following sentences using the verb make.

1. Он проводит исследование (investigation). 2. Составьте список участников конференции. 3. Я поставил ряд опытов. 4. Позвольте мне подвести итог (summary). 5. Она сделала две ошибки. 6. Он сделал важное открытие. 7. Когда вы будете делать измерение?8. Бора назначили профессором теоретической физики.9. Астрономы ведут наблюдения. 10. Вам надо было сделать вычисления сначала (first). 11. Бор много сделал для науки. 12. Какое предложение (suggestion) вы хотите сделать?

Ex. 10. Answer the following questions using the verb do.

1. Have you got much work to do? 2. Have you done your exercises? 3. I wish to know what research you do. 4. You do postgraduate studies under Dr. Petrov, don't you? 5. Where did you do mathematics? 6. What kind of experiments do you do? (⌠make experiments■ is also possible).

Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences using the verb do.

1. Он изучает физику (ботанику и пр.). 2. Он делает уроки. 3. Я занимаюсь в аспирантуре. 4. Мне надо сделать много (a lot of) работы. 5. Ей надо сделать много упражнений. 6. Они проводят исследования (research).

Ex. 12. Insert the verbs do or make and read the sentences aloud.

1. I've got a lot of work to. . . . 2. He's got a lot of measurements to. . . . 3. I've a suggestion to . . . . 4. She's got many exercises to. . . . 5. I've got a lot of calculations to. . . . 6. May I . . . a suggestion? 7. He is . . . interesting research in fiber optics. 8. They are tired of . . . these endless calculations. 9. Did he . . . physics under Dr. Petrov? 10. Are you . . . any experiments at present?

Ex. 13. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Use the verbs do or make.

1. Я заинтересовался проведенной вами работой.2. Я провел мало опытов. 3. Какие заключения вы сделали? 4. Он не сделал ошибок в своих вычислениях. 5. Он сделал важное открытие. 6. Он получил Ленинскую премию за сделанное им открытие. 7. На уроках английского языка мы делаем много упражнений.

Ex. 14. Translate the following sentences. Use the words in italics.

call
1. Как называется этот элемент? 2. Их пригласили в Лондонский университет читать лекции по физике и химии. 3. Позовите, пожалуйста, секретаря.

joint

4. Они написали совместную статью. 5. В результате совместных усилий (efforts) ученые решили (solved) эту трудную задачу. 6. Они сделали совместный доклад. 7. Эти два профессора получили Ленинскую премию за общую работу.

hold

8. Он имел несколько почетных званий. 9. Собрание происходило в конференц-зале (conference-hall). (Give a passive construction). 10. Этот закон справедлив (имеет силу) только для идеальных газов.

Ex. 15. Translate into English.

     1. Я начал изучать химию в институте. 2. Моя жена стала заниматься химией под руководством профессора Иванова. 3. Они начали работать в клинике два года тому назад. 4. Он совмещает исследовательскую работу с работой в клинике. 5. Совмещает ли он научную деятельность с педагогической (teaching)? 6. Инертные газы не соединяются с кислородом. 7. Его пригласили в Московский университет читать лекции по биологии.8. По окончании университета он стал преподавателем. 9. Окончив университет, он поступил (join) в нашу лабораторию. 10. Окончив школу, она поступила (enter) в институт. 11. Поступила ли она на физический факультет? 12. Это одна из самых неотложных задач современной биохимии. 13. У меня срочная работа (я должен сделать срочную работу). 14. Ньютон знаменит тем, что он открыл законы движения. 15. Гюйгенс известен тем, что он разработал волновую теорию света (wave theory of light). 16. Он основывал свои опыты на теоретических предпосылках. 17. Ему удалось выделить (isolate) новое вещество. 18. Им удалось разъяснить некоторые оптические явления. 19. Читая лекции по медицине, он разъяснял (make clear) значение витаминов. 20. Будучи студентом (когда я был студентом), я занимался физикой. 21. В сотрудничестве со своим другом он провел важные исследования химических реакций, сопровождающих сокращение мускулов (muscle contraction). 22. Он исследовал причины этих изменений. 23. Хопкинс внес большой вклад в науку, показав значение витаминов для человеческого организма (human organism). 24. Он получил Нобелевскую премию по медицине и биологии совместно с Эйкманом. 25. Я написал совместную статью с доктором Казаковым. 26. Они провели совместное исследование этих новых полимерных материалов (polymer materials).

Ex. 16.

a) Say a few words about Hopkins. Describe his scientific career before he became internationally known.

     Use: be born in . . . ; be educated at . . . ; take one's training in . . . ; take one's degree at . . . ; become a member of the staff of . . . ; be called (invited) to . . . by . . . ; join the school of physiology; combine activities in research with . . . ; realize that . . . ; have accurate knowledge of . . . .

b) Speak about Hopkins's chief contribution to science.

     Use: become internationally known for . . . ; base experiments on sound theoretical considerations; succeed in . . . ; clear up . . . ; in collaboration with . . . ; do research into . . . ; lay the foundation of . . . ; make one's most fundamental contribution by . . . ; be joint winner of . . . for . . . ; hold honorary degrees.

Ex. 17. Make up a short talk about your research. Use the questions below as a guide.

     1. Where did you receive education? 2. Did you join any scientific (learned) society while at the Institute? 3. Where did you take your first training in . . . ? 4. When did you graduate from. the Institute? 5. What Institute did you come to work at after graduation? 6. What activities are you engaged in at present? 7. In what field of science do you carry on research? 8. What do you base your experiments (calculations, theoretical considerations) on (upon)? 9. Do you combine theoretical research with applied studies? 10. How do you plan your experiments? 11. Do you work alone or in collaboration with your fellow workers (colleagues)? 12. Can you tell us what the urgent needs of biochemistry (physics, physiology, geology, mathematics, botany, astronomy, etc.) are nowadays?

SUPLEMENT

LIST OF WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS WHICH CAN BE USED WHEN SPEAKING

a) About the Head of a Laboratory

be a well-known (distinguished, prominent, outstanding, famous) scientist; be known (distinguished, famous) for . . . ; be engaged in (different activities); be appointed (elected, made) director (head, manager, professor) of . . . ; hold the position of director (head, manager, professor); be at the head of (head, run, be in charge of) an Institute (laboratory, research team, etc.); hold seminars, give lectures (course of lectures) in physics (chemistry, biology, etc.); give a lecture (talk, communication) on . . . ; go on an expedition (tour, trip); contribute (make a contribution) to . . . ; do important (outstanding, excellent, etc.) research in (into, of) . . . ; make a thorough (complete, detailed, accurate) study of . . . ; advance (propose, develop, put forward, suggest) an idea (hypothesis, approach, theory); work out an approach (method, explanation); search for (adopt, use, make use of) a new (another, better) approach (technique, method); be generally recognized; win general recognition; win (receive, be awarded) a prize (award) for . . . ;

b) About a Visit to a Research Laboratory

visit; stay for . . . ; be shown around; get acquainted with . . . ; learn; be (get) interested in . . . ; work in collaboration with . . . ; do joint research; exchange opinions on . . . ; be of the same (a different) opinion on . . . ; be impressed by . . . ; enjoy.

c) About Oneself

be born in . . . at (in) . . . ; go to (attend) school; while at school; get interested in . . . ; leave school take entrance examinations; read much (hard) for the examinations; be admitted to . . . ; while in one's first (second, etc.) year; join a students' scientific (learned) society; do physics (biology, etc.); read a paper; attend lectures in (on) . . . ; study under . . . ; graduate from the Institute (University); begin (start) working at . . . ; get an appointment as (position of) a teacher (engineer, junior research worker, laboratory assistant); join a laboratory; read for one's thesis; collect and arrange data (facts, observations); check one's results; do (carry on) experiments on (with) . . . ; do theoretical work; do research in (into, of) . . . ; make calculations (observations, measurements) of . . . ; consult one's come to the conclusion; agree; be through with the experimental part of . . . ; succeed in obtaining reliable results (data); work jointly (do joint work) with . . . ; overcome difficulties; be particularly interested in . . . ; take no interest in . . . ; be outside the scope of one's work.